Transcript Lymphatic & Immune Sys

Organization of the Lymphatic System
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Lymph Formation and Flow
• fluid leaks out of
capillaries
– about 4L/day
• enters lymphatic
capillaries-now lymph
• returns to circulation
lymphatic trunks
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Lymph Drainage
• thoracic duct
– Drains left side
• right lymphatic duct
– Drains right side
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Lymph Drainage
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Lymphatic Cells
• lymphocytes
– T cells - thymus
– B cells - bone marrow
• macrophages
– begin as monocytes
– leave lymphatic tissue to enter surrounding tissue
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Lymphatic Tissues
• mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
– tonsils
• pharyngeal
• palatine
• lingual
• lymphatic nodules
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Lymphatic Organs
• lymph nodes
– cleanse lymph
– Store/make T and B cells
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Lymphatic Organs
• spleen
– scans and cleans blood
• thymus
– nursery for T cells
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.2
Nonspecific Defenses
Physical Barriers
• skin
• hair
• acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and
sweat glands
• mucous membranes
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Cellular and Chemical Defenses
• phagocytosis
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engulf foreign cells/debris
neutrophils
macrophages
exocytosis
• natural killer cells
– release perforins to perforate cells
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Cellular and Chemical Defenses
• complement system
– classical pathway
– alternative pathway
• interferons
– released by virus infected cells
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The Complement System
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Inflammatory Response
• promotes repair of damaged tissue
• histamines and prostaglandins released
• symptoms
–
–
–
–
heat
redness
swelling
pain
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The Development of Inflammation
• tissue damage occurs
• intracellular contents are released from damaged
cells into interstitial fluid
• mast cells release histamine and other
inflammatory chemicals
• blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases,
capillary permeability increases
• clot formation occurs
• scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow
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Fever
• maintenance of higher than normal body
temperature
• activation of leukocytes and
macrophagesreleases of pyrogens
• hypothalamus raises body temperature
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.3
Specific Defenses
Antigens
• on surface of cells
–
–
–
–
proteins
polysaccharides
glycolipids
nucleic acids
• determine “self” from “nonself” cells
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Immune System Cells
• lymphocytes
– recognize 1 antigen
– clonal selection
– memory cells
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Humoral Immunity
• antibody-mediated immunity
• plasma cells
– antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen
• antibodies
– also called immunoglobulins
– recognize, bind to, and mark antigens
– interfere with antigen function
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Antibody Classes
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Primary and Secondary Immune Responses
• primary immune response
– when first exposed
• secondary immune response
– memory cells respond to invader
• active immunity
• passive immunity
– vaccination
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Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Lesson 12.4
Disorders and Diseases
of the Immune System
Cancer & Lymph Nodes – Lymphoma
• rapid, unregulated lymphocyte (WBC) growth
• metastasis
– cancerous cells move within body
• cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes
– Swollen glands, fevers, weight loss, fatigue
• Treatment includes chemo, radiation or surgery
• Non-Hodgekins vs. Hodgekins
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Allergies
• Excessive response to harmless antigen
• allergen causes histamine release
– causes allergy symptoms
• runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis
• Anaphylaxis
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Allergies
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Autoimmune Disorders
• immune system attacks body
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Rhuematoid arthritis
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Multiple Sclerosis
• Damaged myelin
interferes with
message
transmission
• Fatigue, gait/walk
• Weak, stiffness
• Treatment: drugs
• Rehabilitation
– Life long manage
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Type I Diabetes
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Immunodeficiency
• Compromised ability to fight infection; low T & B
cells
– Causes: spleen removal, cancers, HIV/AIDS
– Treatment: bone marrow transplant, passive immunity
(antibodies from another source)
– Can be fatal if severe
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HIV and AIDS
• HIV
– infects and kills helper T cells
• AIDS
– helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3
– immune system seriously weakened
– opportunistic infections more common
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Elephantiasis aka Lymphatic Filariasis
• Immense swelling/obstruction of lymphatic vessels
• Caused by roundworm
• Treatments:
– Drugs to kill adult
worms/offspring
DEC, Ivermectin
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