Transcript An introduction to immunology

BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
COMPILLATED BY CHANIF MAHDI
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Outline of the talk
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Definition of Immunology
History of immunology
Innate and adaptive immunity
Humoral and cellular responses – B and
T cells (specific interactions)
• Cancer
• HIV/AIDS
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Immunology
• Immunology is the study of our protection
from foreign macromolecules or invading
organisms and our responses to them.
• Host – e.g. me!!!!
• Foreign macromolecule, antigen – e.g. virus
protein, worm, parasite (Everything that
should not be in my body)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
A Short History of Immunology
• ~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides
describes plague – the ones who had
recovered from the disease could nurse the
sick without getting the disease a second
time
• 15th centurry: Chinese and Turks use dried
crusts of smallpox as ”vaccine”
• 1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Jenner - Smallpox vaccine
• Noticed that milkmades that had contracted cowpox
did NOT get smallpox
• Test on an 8 year old boy, injected cowpox into him
(NOT very nice……)
• Follwed by exposure to smallpox
• Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Immunology history cont.
• Since 1901 there have been 19 Nobel Prizes
for immunological research.
• Examples: Discovery of human blood groups
(1930) and Transplantation
immunology(1991)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
The immune system
Immune system
Innate (non-specific) immunity
Adaptive (specific) immunity
•Anatomic barriers (Skin,mucous
membranes)
•Antigen specificity
•Physological barriers
(temperature, pH)
•Immunological memory
•Phagocytic Barriers (cells that eat
invaders)
•Diversity
•Self/nonself recognition
•Inflammatory barriers (redness,
swelling, heat and pain)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Humoral and cellular immunity
(antibody mediated or cellular)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
B cells
Surface bound antibody
Antibody secreting B cell
Antigen
B-cell
Soluble antibodies, circculate in the body
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Antibody secreting B cell
B-cell
Virus killed
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
T cells
• Two types:
– Helper T cells (Th): activates other cells
– Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): can kill other cells
• T cells can only recognize antigens
associated with certain molecules
(MHC)
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Presentation of antigens to T cells
• Proteins (peptides) from inside the cell are
presented by MHC I molecules to Tc cells.
• Proteins (peptides) from the outside of cells
are presented by MHC II molecules to Th
cells.
• MHC I on almost all cells
• MHC II on specialized antigen-presenting cells
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Antigen presentig cell
Th
MHC II + peptide
Virus infected cell, cancer cell
Tc
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
MHC I + peptide
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
MHC molecules
• Important to study what parts of a
protein that binds to MHC molecules.
• MHC I binds peptides with 8-10 aa
• MHC II bind peptides with 12-25 aa
• Potentials of peptide vaccines
• Prediction of peptides is important!!!!
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]
Seminar
Winter Semester 2002/2003
Cancer
• The second ranking cause of death
after heart disease in the Western
world.
• most organs and tissues in an organism
are in balance (death and renewal)
• cancer cells have no control in growth
mechanisms, can expand to a large size
producing a tumor
Pierre Dönnes
[email protected]
Andreas Hildebrandt
[email protected]
Annette Höglund
[email protected]