Transcript Biology

Biology
LB:
Use cover that
doesn’t have
sticker on it
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40-3 Immune System
Disorders
Ragweed Pollen
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Immune Disorders
Although the immune system defends the body
against pathogens, sometimes disorders occur in the
immune system itself.
There are three different types of immune system
disorders:
•
allergies
•
autoimmune diseases
•
immunodeficiency diseases
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Allergies
Allergies
Overreactions of the immune system to antigens
are allergies.
Common allergies include pollen, dust, mold, and
bee stings.
Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called
allergens.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Allergies
When allergy-causing antigens enter the body, they
attach themselves to mast cells.
Mast cells are specialized immune system cells that
initiate the inflammatory response.
The activated mast cells release histamines.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Allergies
Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to
the area.
They increase mucus production in the respiratory
system, which induces sneezing, watery eyes, and
runny nose.
Antihistamines are drugs that counteract histamines.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Asthma
Asthma
Some allergic reactions cause asthma.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease in which
the air passages become narrower than normal.
This causes wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in
breathing.
If not treated, asthma can lead to permanent
damage or destruction of lung tissue.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases
What is an autoimmune disease?
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
When the immune system attacks the
body's own cells, it produces an
autoimmune disease.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
•
Type I diabetes attacks insulin-producing cells.
•
Rheumatoid arthritis attacks connective tissues
around joints.
•
Myasthenia gravis attacks neuromuscular
junctions.
•
Multiple sclerosis (MS) destroys functions of
brain and spinal cord neurons.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases
Some autoimmune diseases are treated with
medications that alleviate specific symptoms.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Immunodeficiency Diseases
An immunodeficiency disease is one in which a
person has a weakened immune response.
In one type of immunodeficiency disease, the
immune system fails to develop normally.
A second type of immunodeficiency disease is
AIDS.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
In 1983, researchers identified the cause of
AIDS—a virus that is caused by the HIV for human
immunodeficiency virus.
HIV is a retrovirus—a virus that carries its genetic
information in RNA, rather than DNA.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
HIV attacks and destroys helper T cells.
As the number of helper T cells decreases, the body
becomes more susceptible to other diseases.
The diseases that attack a person with a weakened
immune system are called opportunistic diseases.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
HIV Infection
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
Envelope
Reverse transcriptase
Viral RNA
enzyme
Capsid
Protein coat
1
1
Virus attaches to host
cell membrane by
recognizing specific
molecules on the cell
surface.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
2
AIDS
Viral coat fuses
with cell membrane
and viral RNA
enters the cell
2
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
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Reverse
transcriptase
uses viral RNA
as a template to
make viral DNA.
AIDS
3
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4
Viral DNA enters
nucleus and attaches
to host chromosome.
There it may remain
dormant or begin
directing the synthesis
of viral mRNA and
RNA.
AIDS
4
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
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Viral mRNA
directs the host
cell to assemble
viral proteins.
AIDS
5
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
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Capsids are
assembled around
the viral proteins
and RNA. The new
viruses bud off
from the host cell
membrane.
AIDS
6
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
Transmission of HIV
HIV is not transmitted through casual contact.
HIV can only be transmitted through the exchange
of blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
How can AIDS be prevented?
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
Preventing HIV Infection
The only no-risk behavior with respect to
HIV and AIDS is abstinence.
People who share contaminated needles to
inject themselves with drugs are at a high risk
for contracting HIV.
People who have sex with drug abusers are
also at high risk.
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40-3 Immune System Disorders
AIDS
Can AIDS Be Cured?
At present, there is no cure for AIDS.
The virus can be controlled by expensive multidrug
and multivitamin “cocktails” that fight the virus.
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Allergies result when antigens from allergens
bind to
a. histamines.
b. pathogens.
c. mast cells.
d. T cells.
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An example of an autoimmune disease is
a. polio.
b. multiple sclerosis.
c. asthma.
d. smallpox.
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In Type I diabetes, antibodies attack
a. connective tissues around the joints.
b. neuromuscular junctions.
c. insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
d. epinephrine-producing cells in the adrenal
cortex.
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40-3
The retrovirus HIV causes
a. AIDS.
b. myasthenia gravis.
c. asthma.
d. polio.
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The principle targets of the HIV virus are the
body’s
a. red blood cells.
b. helper T cells.
c. connective tissue in the joints.
d. B cells.
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