The Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Transcript The Cardiovascular System: Blood
The Cardiovascular System:
Blood
Chapter 10
.
Journey into
Molecular
Biology
Snake Venom to Blood
Infection!!!
• You have one. How does your body save
you?
• First we need to understand what blood is
made up of.
Functions
Transportation:
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients
waste products
hormones
Regulation: pH & body temperature
Protection: Immune Response
Characteristics
Connective tissue
Temperature = 38 degrees C
pH is slightly alkaline (basic):
7.35 to 7.45
4-6 liters of blood per adult
Constitutes about 8% of total
body weight
Components
Plasma---55%
Formed
elements---45%
platelets
erythrocytes
leukocytes
Plasma
• Straw colored
liquid
• 91.5% water;
7% proteins;
1.5% other
solutes
Platelets
250,000 to
500,000µL
Help blood
clotting
Platelets Spreading
Sometimes
called
thrombocytes
Work with
Fibrin to make
clots
Anucleate
Physiological
Platelets (stained purple), Homeostasis
1 drop of blood = 50µL
Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
o Biconcave; 8 micrometers in
diameter; no nucleus or other
organelles
o Contain hemoglobin
o Live only about 120 days
o RBC production takes place in
red bone marrow
o 4 to 6 million µL; Outnumber
white blood cells 1000:1
Hemoglobin
o Iron containing protein
o Binds strongly, but reversibly
to oxygen
o Each hemoglobin molecule has
four oxygen binding sites
o Each erythrocyte has 250
million hemoglobin molecules
A Quick Review
• What is blood made up of?
• What are the jobs of blood?
• How do platelets help a wound
heal?
• Where is hemoglobin located and
what is its job?
Review: theClip
Leukocytes:White Blood Cells
The Immune Response
NPR
Flu and You
Neutrophils
60 to70 % of all WBCs
Active phagocytes
Number increases rapidly
during short term or acute
infections
The Parasite
Eosinophils
2 to 4 % of all WBCs
Increase during allergy
attacks
React to parasitic worms
Inactivate some inflammatory
chemicals
Cytotoxic
T-Cell
T-Cell Killing
Target
Lymphocytes
20 to 25 % of all
WBCs
Provides Immunity
(eg. Killer T-Cell)
Produces antibodies
Nucleus fills most
of the cell
Humoral Immunity
B-Cells
• Long Term Memory
• B-Cells make antibodies which trigger a TCell reaction to kill the invader
• Vaccines, Chicken Pox, Viral Infections
Humoral
Immunity
(Go animation)
Leukemia
• Type of cancer than can be found in the
Bone marrow or lymphocytes
• Produces too many white blood cells
• Symptoms: Cold, Fever, Easy Bruising,
Bone Pain, Blood does not clot
• Treatment: Chemotherapy, Blood
transfusion, Bone Marrow Transplant, and
Stem Cell Transplant
Computer Lab on White Blood Cells
Be Sure to take notes of each type and Draw a Picture of Each
Hemostasis
Stoppage of blood flow
Result of a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation
BLEEDING
Blood Clotting
Blood usually clots within 3 to 6
minutes
The clot remains as endothelium
regenerates
The clot is broken down after
tissue repair
Details
of
Blood Clotting
Video Clip
Of
Blood Clot
Undesirable Clotting
Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
Embolus: Where will it end?
A thrombus that breaks away and
floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas
such as the brain
Bleeding Disorders
Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting
Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Blood Groups and
Transfusions
Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes
weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock,
which can be fatal
Transfusions are the only way to
replace blood quickly
Transfused blood must be of the
same blood group
Incidence of Blood Types in the
United States
Blood Type (percentage)
Population
Group
O
A
B
AB
Rh+
White
45
40
11
4
85
Black
49
27
20
4
95
Korean
32
28
30
10
100
Japanese
31
38
21
10
100
Chinese
42
27
25
6
100
Native
American
79
16
4
1
100
ABO Blood Groups
Based on the presence or absence of
two antigens
Type A
Type B
The lack of these antigens is called
type O
There are over 30 common red blood
cell antigens
The mismatch of an Rh– mother
carrying an Rh+ baby can cause
problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds
without problems
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s
immune system produces antibodies to
attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease
of the newborn)
Blood Typing
Blood samples are mixed with anti-A,
anti-B, & anti-Rh serum and checked for
coagulation.
Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Blood
Groups
AB
B
A
O
Blood Movie
United Str.
Blood
Typing
Game
Palatine tonsils.
Lymphatic System
Immune response and Drainage
Lymphatic
System
Adam: Lymph
Node
Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Capillaries: pick up extra fluid
from between cells.
• Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph capillaries
merge into larger vesicles that carry lymph
to the nodes.
• Lymph Nodes: Oblong structures that
contain white blood cells (lymphocytes) that
kill invaders.
• Lymph: Fluid in the lymphatic system.
Where does the fluid go?
• Once clean it empties into the vena cava of
the heart.
• Puts all spare fluid into the blood stream
where it will be filtered in the kidneys.
What about the Spleen?
• Spleen is a cardio and lymphatic organ
• Stores extra blood
• Checks blood and removes aged or
damaged red blood cells.
• Also can play a role in body defense
because of the high amount of lymphatic
cells stored there.
What are the 2 parts of the
immune system?
• Nonspecific immunity: Protects from a wide
variety of pathogens.
• Specific Immunity: Protection against a
specific foreign agent through the
lymphocyte response.
What are the parts of nonspecific
immunity?
• Species resistance: You don’t have the receptors
• Mechanical Barriers: Skin and mucous
• Chemical Barriers: Enzymes, Pepsin, Gastric
juices, tears
• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis: Neutrophils and monocytes
• Interferon: Proteins made by cells that respond or
interfere with viruses and cancer.
Specific Immunity: the
antibodies
• You know about the lymphocyte response.
Now learn about the type of antibodies.
– IgG (Immunoglobulin G): Against bacteria,
viruses, and toxins
– IgA: from Mother’s milk: respiratory viruses
and digestive disturbances
– IgM: Attracts T-cells, macrophages.
A disease of the lymphatic
system?
• .
Elephantiasis
Lymphatic
Disorders