Forensics Blood
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Transcript Forensics Blood
Blood
Blood Evidence
Blood typing = class evidence
DNA profiling = individual evidence
Blood-spatter: recreate crime scene
History of the study of blood
2500 B.C.
Egyptians - bloodletting to cure
diseases
500 B.C.
Greeks – distinguished between
arteries and veins
1659 A.D.
Leeuwenhoek – view blood cells with
microscope
1795
First blood transfusion performed
1901
Landsteiner – discovered 3 blood types
(A, B, O)
1902
Decastello – discovered AB blood type
1922
Oliver – established blood donor
service
1935
Mayo Clinic – developed a method to
store blood for transfusions
1900s
Kastle – developed first presumptive
blood test
1959
Belgian Congo – first AIDS case
recorded
1984
Gallo – identified virus causing AIDS
1987-2002 Development of blood-screening tests
for infectious disease
Composition of Blood
1.
Cells (45%)
red blood cells (RBC)
white blood cells (WBC)
Platelets
2.
Plasma (55%)
90% water
Dissolved proteins (antibodies, hormones,
clotting factors)
Nutrients (O2, glucose, amino acids, salts,
minerals)
Wastes (urea, CO2)
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
carry gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)
produced in bone marrow
no internal organelles (no nucleus)
hemoglobin is iron-containing protein that
binds to O2
– gives blood the red color
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
fights disease and foreign invaders
produced in bone marrow
true cell – has nucleus
Platelets
Tiny cell fragments
Helps in blood clotting
Kastle-Meyer
Presumptive Blood Test
Procedures
Wet cotton swab with distilled water and gently
rub on stain
Ethyl alcohol: breaks open cells, exposes
hemoglobin
Phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer Reagent):
reducing agent; turns pink when oxidized
Hydrogen peroxide: reacts with hemoglobin
If blood is present, swab will turn PINK.
False Positives
Some non-blood substances can yield a
positive Kastle-Meyer test:
– vegetables with peroxidases (potatoes, beets,
horseradish, broccoli, cauliflower)
– copper and nickel salts
Leucomalachite Green
Leucomalachite Green, or LMG
– Similar to Kastle-Meyer test
– Replaces phenolphthalein with leucomalachite
green
– When added to the substance, a green color
will be produced will be produced if blood is
present.
Blood Typing
Why do blood typing?
Less expensive and quicker than DNA
profiling
Class evidence
Can be used to link or exclude suspect to
crime scene (but doesn’t prove guilt)
Discovery of Blood Types
Karl Landsteiner (1901)
Blood from one person did not always mix
freely with another person
Clumping of mixed blood results in death
Cell-Surface Proteins (RBC’s):
– A and B proteins
– Rh factor proteins
Antibody reaction test used to identify
blood types
ABO Blood Types
42%
Type
Type
Type
Type
12%
3%
43%
A: has A antigen on surface of RBC
B: has B antigen
AB: has both A & B antigens
O: has no antigens on surface
Antibodies
Our bodies have the ability to recognize
between own cells (self) and foreign
invaders (non-self)
White blood cells engulf and digest
invaders
Antibodies: Y-shaped proteins secreted by
WBC’s which aid in immune response
Antibodies bind to antigens (foreign
substance or cell that reacts to antibodies)
Antibodies
Type A: makes anti-B antibodies
Type B: makes anti-A antibodies
Type AB: no antibodies
Type O: makes anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
Antigen-Antibody Response
Immune system attacks and
destroys foreign invaders:
WBC’s make antibodies that
attach to foreign proteins
2. WBC’s engulf invader
1.
Agglutination: clumping of blood
cells
Rh Factor
Rh protein found on RBC’s when
Alexander Weiner worked with Rhesus
monkeys (1940)
Rh+ : 85%
Rh- : 15%
Blood Typing Analysis
Blood Typing Analysis
Blood sample mixed with 3 antibodies
If blood clumps, proteins are present
If no clumps, no proteins are present
Anti-A antibody test
Anti-B antibody test
Rh antibody
test
Other forms of identification
Additional enzymes and proteins have been
found in the blood:
– Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)
– Adenylate kinase (AK)
– Adenosine deaminase (ADA)
– Esterase D (EsD)
– Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PD)
– Polymorphic proteins: Group-specific
Components (Gc) and haptoglobins (Hp)