Transcript 17 - Brazosport College

Lab 1 – Blood Composition and formed elements
Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• 90% water
• 8% proteins from liver
• 2% misc.
• Nutrients: AA, glucose, lipids vitamins, minerals
• Wastes: urea, uric acid, creatine, ammonium salts, lactic acid
• Gases: some CO2 and some O2
• Electrolytes: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca++, H+
• Hormones
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Formed Elements
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets make
up the formed elements – 45% of whole blood
• Leukocytes - WBCs
• Erythrocytes - RBCs (99%)
• Platelets – Thrombocytes - fragments
• Leukocytes and platelets = buffy coat (<1%)
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Formed
elements
1 Withdraw
2 Centrifuge the
blood and place
in tube.
blood sample.
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Plasma
• 55% of whole blood
• Least dense component
Buffy coat
• Leukocytes and platelets
• <1% of whole blood
Erythrocytes
• 45% of whole blood
• Most dense
component
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Figure 17.1
Platelets
Neutrophils
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Erythrocytes
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
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Figure 17.2
2.5 µm
Side view (cut)
7.5 µm
Top view
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Figure 17.3
Leukocytes
• Make up <1% of total blood volume
• Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
• Move through tissue spaces by ameboid
motion and positive chemotaxis
• Leukocytosis: WBC count over 11,000/mm3
• Normal response to bacterial or viral invasion
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Granulocytes
• Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils
• Cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with
Wright’s stain
• Larger and shorter-lived than RBCs
• Lobed nuclei
• Phagocytic
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Neutrophils
• Most numerous WBCs
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
• Fine granules take up both acidic and basic
dyes
• Give the cytoplasm a lilac color
• Granules contain hydrolytic enzymes or
defensins
• Very phagocytic—“bacteria slayers”
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Eosinophils
• 1 – 4% of WBC
• Red-staining, bilobed nuclei
• Red to crimson (acidophilic) coarse,
lysosome-like granules
• Digest parasitic worms that are too large to be
phagocytized
• Modulators of the immune response
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Basophils
• Rarest WBCs
• Large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules
contain histamine
• Histamine: an inflammatory chemical that acts
as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to
inflamed sites
• Are functionally similar to mast cells
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(a) Neutrophil;
multilobed
nucleus
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(b) Eosinophil;
bilobed nucleus,
red cytoplasmic
granules
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(c) Basophil;
bilobed nucleus,
purplish-black
cytoplasmic
granules
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Figure 17.10 (a-c)
Agranulocytes
• Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Have spherical or kidney-shaped nuclei
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Lymphocytes
• 25% or more of WBC
• Large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim
of blue cytoplasm
• Mostly in lymphoid tissue; few circulate in the
blood
• Crucial to immunity
• Two types
• T cells act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
• B cells give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
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(d) Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
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(e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
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Figure 17.10d, e
Monocytes
• 4 – 8% of WBC
• The largest leukocytes
• Abundant pale-blue cytoplasm
• Dark purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
• Leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into
macrophages
• Actively phagocytic cells; crucial against viruses,
intracellular bacterial parasites, and chronic
infections
• Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
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(d) Small
lymphocyte;
large spherical
nucleus
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(e) Monocyte;
kidney-shaped
nucleus
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Figure 17.10d, e
Platelets
• Small fragments of megakaryocytes
• Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
• Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
• Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes,
ADP, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
• Form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal
breaks in blood vessels
• Circulating platelets are kept inactive and mobile
by NO and prostacyclin from endothelial cells of
blood vessels
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Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocytoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
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Platelets
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Figure 17.12
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Hematocrit
• Blood glucose tests
• Microscopic examination reveals variations in
size and shape of RBCs, indications of
anemias
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Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess
hemostasis
• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
• Complete blood count (CBC)
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Heart Anatomy
• Approximately the size of your fist
• Location
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to
the sternum
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Heart Anatomy
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Figure 18.1
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right
pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right
pulmonary veins
Fossa
ovalis
Pectinate
muscles
Tricuspid
valve
Right ventricle
Chordae
tendineae
Trabeculae
carneae
Inferior
vena cava
(e)
Left
pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left
pulmonary veins
Mitral
(bicuspid) valve
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Left ventricle
Papillary
muscle
Interventricular
septum
Myocardium
Visceral
pericardium
Endocardium
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Figure 18.4e
Heart Anatomy
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Figure 18.1
Pericardial Layers of the Heart
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Figure 18.2
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Right
pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk
Right atrium
Right
pulmonary veins
Fossa
ovalis
Pectinate
muscles
Tricuspid
valve
Right ventricle
Chordae
tendineae
Trabeculae
carneae
Inferior
vena cava
(e)
Left
pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Left
pulmonary veins
Mitral
(bicuspid) valve
Aortic
valve
Pulmonary
valve
Left ventricle
Papillary
muscle
Interventricular
septum
Myocardium
Visceral
pericardium
Endocardium
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Figure 18.4e
Heart Valves
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Figure 18.8a, b
Heart Valves
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Figure 18.8c, d
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Superior
vena cava
Left common
carotid artery
Left
subclavian artery
Aortic arch
Right
pulmonary artery
Ligamentum
arteriosum
Left pulmonary artery
Ascending
aorta
Pulmonary trunk
Right
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Anterior
cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Marginal artery
Small cardiac vein
Inferior
vena cava
(b)
Left pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Auricle
Circumflex
artery
Left coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Left ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Anterior
interventricular artery
(in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Apex
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Figure 18.4b
Aorta
Left
pulmonary artery
Left
pulmonary veins
Auricle
of left atrium
Left atrium
Superior
vena cava
Right
pulmonary artery
Right
pulmonary veins
Right atrium
Great cardiac vein
Inferior
vena cava
Posterior vein
of left ventricle
Right coronary
artery (in coronary
sulcus)
Coronary sinus
Apex
Posterior
interventricular artery
(in posterior
interventricular sulcus)
Middle cardiac vein
(d)
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Figure 18.4d