Transcript Antineoplastic Chemotherapy Agents Chapter 12

Chapter 12
Antineoplastic
Chemotherapy
Agents
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 1. Terminology
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Cancer, carcinoma, or CA
Malignant or cancerous
Neoplasm or tumor
Benign or noncancerous
Metastasis or spread of disease
Antineoplastic agents
Remission or abatement
Palliative
Cytotoxic
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 2. Types of chemotherapy agents
Alkylating medications
 Kills cells by forming cross-links on the DNA
strands
 Affects all phases of cell cycle
 Examples: cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) and
carboplatin (Paraplatin)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 2. Types of chemotherapy
agents
Antimetabolites
 Disrupts the metabolic processes
 Inhibits enzyme synthesis
 Examples: methotrexate (Mexate) and 5fluorouracil (5-FU)
Note: methotrexate used in ectopic pregnancy
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 2. Types of chemotherapy
agents
Mitotic inhibitors
 Derivatives of plant extracts
 Block cell division at specific stage
 Examples: paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel
(Taaxotere)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 2. Types of chemotherapy agents
Antineoplastic antibiotics
 Different from antibiotics that treat infections
 Target specific types of cancers by inhibiting protein and
RNA synthesis
 Bind DNA to cause cell fragmentation
 Examples: bleomycin sulfate (Blenoxane) and
doxorubican (Adriamycin)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 2. Types of chemotherapy agents
Hormones and hormone antagonists
 Used in combination with other agents
 Inhibit tumor cell growth
 Compete with endogenous hormones
 Act as anti-inflammatory agents
 Examples: deithylstilbestrol (Estrobene),
leuprolide (Lupron) and tamoxifen (Nolvadex)
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 3
Biologic response modifiers
 Biochemical technology to boost the body’s
immune system
 Can be used in conjunction with
chemotherapy agents
 Further indications being investigated
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 3
Biologic response modifiers three main
functions:
 Enhance the body’s immunologic function
 Destroy or interfere with tumor activities
 Promote differentiation of stem cells
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 3
Biologic response modifiers
 Agents used to treat chemotherapy side
effects by stimulating specific bone marrow
production of blood cells are: erythropoietin
(Procrit) for anemia and filgrastim
(Neupogen) to boost the immune system.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 3
Biologic response modifers
 Interferons which are natural proteins to
boost immune cells
 Interleukins which are groups of proteins that
contain anti-tumor effects
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 4
Search for a cure terminology
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Epidemiology
Etiology
Carcinogens
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Objective 4
Search for a cure – newest technology
 Nanotechnology
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Super-small particles measured in nanometers
Nanoparticles used as image contrast agents
Diagnostic purposes, medication delivery, and
blood testing
Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.