Transcript Dr. Kennett`s Powerpoint set #1

Living organisms
verses inanimate
objects
Characteristics
of living
organisms
Maintaining life processes
• Normal vital functions
– Body systems operating to obtain oxygen,
nutrients,
– Responding to environment and adapt to
environmental stimuli
• Maintaining life in disease
– Treatments
– Biomedical Devices
First do no harm
Supporting life
processes
What is death?
The Procaryotes
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
The protists or protozoans
Malaria is caused by four species
of protozoan parasites
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malaria
Trichomonads
Budding yeast
• Beer!
• Bread
• Candidiasis –
sometimes called
thrush or yeast
infections, can be
very serious in
immunodeficient
patients
Plants – cells contain
chloroplasts and carry out
photosynthesis,
i.e. convert sunlight CO2 and
H20 to sugars
Animals
Invertebrates – do not have a backbone
Vertebrates do have a backbone
The Life Cycle of Influenza Virus
Life is all about energy - ATP
• Cellular Respiration: is the process that
releases energy by breaking down food
molecules in the presence of oxygen.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the
mitochondria.
• Energy that is released by breaking food
down is stored as ATP,
• ATP is a short-term energy storage molecule
• Cells use as ATP as their energy source.
Reproduction in procaryotes
The cell cycle. Image from Purves et al., Life: The
Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer
Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com)
Mitosis –
The four
phases of cell
division
•Prophase
•Metaphase
•Anaphase
•Telophase
Development
Stem Cells
* Embryonic stem
cell come from early
embryos – are
totipotent
* umbilical cord
stem cells are
multipotent.
* Adult stem cells
are multipotent
Mouse embryonic stem cells
H&E section of a lung tumor
with characteristic
histopathology of a poorly
differentiated carcinoma
Cancer
Acorns, Mice, Ticks = Lyme Disease
• Acorns are an important food source for many forest
animals, including mice
• Large crops of acorns in the fall lead to a booming
mouse population the following summer.
• Forest-living mice carry a spiral-shaped bacteria called
Borrelia burgdorferi which causes Lyme disease.
• As the population of mice increases the incidence of
Lyme disease outbreaks increase.
• Tick larvae feed on the mice and pick up bacteria.
• More mice increase the number of infected ticks by
providing tick larvae with more opportunities to pick up
bacteria during feeding.
• These larvae ultimately feed on humans or other animals
and the rate of Lyme disease increases
Biofilms
sheets or layers of bacteria on surfaces
very difficult to penetrate or treat
Pathogen
Host
Virulence
Factors
Immune
Defenses
Adhesins
Innate response
Toxins
Biofilm/capsule
Inflammation
Adaptive response
Overview – Know your weapons
• Physical barriers
• Primary lymphoid
organs – Thymus and
bone marrow
• Secondary lymphoid
organs
- l. n. spleen, and MALT
Types of Immunity
• Innate or
nonspecific
immunity
• Adaptive or
acquired
immunity
– Humoral
Immunity
– Cell mediated
immunity
Nonspecific immune response
Specific or Acquired Immunity
Antigens and Antibodies
Immunobiology of Respiratory Tract Infections
Unique challenges of immunity within the respiratory tract:
- Immense surface area exposed to environment
- Generally sterile below the larynx
Bordetella pertussis infection – Whooping
cough
Initial colonization of the nasal cavity,
spreads to lungs.
Innate immune response
Antibody production
Clearing of the bacteria – resolution