Transcript File - Miss Mead`s AP Psychology Class

Preview p.20
Without looking at your notes…
List all of the MAJOR theorists and/or theories
from each chapter and their associated
psychological phenomenon
Learning & Memory Review
AP Test Format
Notebook p. 21
Classical Conditioning
• Application: Treating Phobias
– Flooding: repeated/excessive exposure
– Counter-conditioning: learning of a new
conditioned response opposite of original learned
response
• Systematic desensitization: gradual learning of a new
conditioned response to replace fear/anxiety
– Aversive Conditioning: associate unwanted
behavior with unwanted feeling
Conditioned Taste Aversion
• Many hospital patients drink meal
replacement shakes, such as Boost while they
are receiving treatment. When they leave the
hospital and are later presented with Boost,
they show obvious discomfort and dislike for
the drink. Use classical conditioning to explain
why.
Classical Conditioning
• An individual receives frequent injections of
drugs, which are administered in a small
examination room at a clinic. The drug itself
causes increased heart rate but after several
trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room
causes an increased heart rate.
Classical Conditioning
• Every time someone flushes a toilet in the
apartment building, the shower becomes very
hot and causes the person to jump back. Over
time, the person begins to jump back
automatically after hearing the flush, before
the water temperature changes.
Operant Conditioning
• Positive vs. Negative
• Punishment vs. Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
• You check the coin return slot on a pay
telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself
checking other telephones over the next few
days.
• Getting paid $20 per hour
• Catching a fish off of a pier
• Waiting for the traffic light to turn green
• Kicking a goal in soccer
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Kindergarteners get a sticker for every 5
positive behaviors
• Waiting to see a shooting star in the night sky
• Waiting for the school bell to ring
Latent Learning
• Cognitive maps & rats
Observational Learning
• Modeling
• Mirror neurons
Long Term Potentiation
• As we acquire new experiences, information,
and memories, our brains create more and
more synaptic connections. Essentially, the
brain is able to rearrange itself, establishing
new connections while weeding out old ones.
Memory & Brain
• Hippocampus – Explicit Memory
• Cerebellum – Implicit Memory
• Amygdala – Emotional Memory
AP Test Format p.21
• Multiple-Choice
– Five possible answers
– No deduction for wrong
answers (if you don’t
know, guess!)
– Best answer, EXCEPT,
analysis/application
questions
• Free-Response (FRQ)
– No introduction,
conclusion, or thesis
– Short-answer format
– Bulleted responses in
complete sentences are
acceptable.
– Specific answers
– Accurate information in
clear, concise prose.
AP Test Format
• AP Test Format
– 100 multiple-choice
questions; 70 minutes
– 2 free-response
questions; 50 minutes
• AP class Test Format
– 50 multiple-choice
question; 35 minutes
– 1 free response
question; 25 minutes
Vocabulary for Free-Response
Questions
• Define means to state the meaning of a word
or phrase or to give a specific example.
– Usually just one sentence.
• Identify means to select a factor, person, or
idea, and give it a name.
• Explain why/explain how means to give a
cause or reason
FRQ Practice
• Roger is at a wedding reception where he has
been introduced to over 50 guests whom he has
never met. He can remember only a handful of
names. Describe the role that sensory storage,
short-term memory, and long-term memory play
for Roger in this situation.
• Analyze what is happening in terms of the three
stages of the information processing model of
memory: encoding, storage and retrieval.
• Finally, identify strategies Roger might use to
improve his ability to remember names.
Part 1
• Sensory storage works for a very brief period of time
until information is either processed or discarded. The
names that Roger hears at the wedding will be briefly
stored in his echoic memory.
• Short term storage works to process information we
are currently thinking about. The names that Roger
consciously rehearses will remain in his phonological
loop as part of his working memory.
• The names that Roger is able to effectively encode will
remain in his long term memory storage for later
retrieval.
Part 2
• A number of factors will influence the encoding of
names into Roger’s LTM. For example, Roger may use
maintenance rehearsal by repeating new names until
he is able to recall them later.
• Roger must space out his introductions because his
short-term memory storage will be limited to
approximately 7 names.
• Roger may experience some issues with the retrieval of
newly remembered names. For example, he may
experience proactive interference if names of people
he met at a previous wedding intrude with the recall of
names of people he is meeting at the current wedding.
Part 3
• If Roger wants to remember the names of guests
at the wedding he should use elaborative
rehearsal techniques. Such as making
associations between the guests and friends he
has with the same names.
• Roger may also choose to use mnemonic devices
to remember names. For example, “Paul is tall” is
rhyming association that will increase the
likelihood that Roger will recall Paul’s name
Sample Free-Response Question
1. Discuss how the research conducted by each
of the following theorists may explain the
acquisition of a spider phobia.
a. John B. Watson
b. B.F. Skinner
c. Albert Bandura
Sample Free-Response Question
• 1 point for identifying the research conducted
by each theorist
• 2 points for explaining the spider phobia with
regard to each theorist.
• 9 point question
Sample Free-Response Question
a. John B. Watson would argue that a phobia of
spiders would be the result of classical
conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus
(UCS), such as being bitten by a spider, would
produce an unconditioned response (UCR) of
screaming or feeling pain. The neutral
stimulus (NS) is the spider. Because the
spider bit a person, it now becomes the
conditioned stimulus (CS), which produces
fear (CR).
Sample Free-Response Question
b. B.F. Skinner would argue that a phobia of
spiders is the result of operant conditioning.
Screaming and showing fear of a spider elicits
attention from others. Therefore, by
continuing to scream or show fear in the
presence of a spider, the behavior will
continue. In addition, Skinner may argue
that in removing the aversive stimulus (fear
or discomfort) every time a spider is removed
from the situation, the fear would increase.
Sample Free-Response Question
c. Albert Bandura would argue that a phobia is
the result of observational learning. The
person would model what he or she has seen
others do when encountering a spider (or
insect), and would therefore display that
behavior if put in a similar situation.
Jeopardy!
Process p.20
• What areas will you focus on to prepare for
the test? i.e. What are you practicing
TONIGHT?