Transcript Main Individuals Part 1 1-57-1

OF AP PSYCH
Part 1
- First to speculate on the nature of the mind
and the concept of dualism
- The mind is not observable and not subject
to natural laws
-The mind of controls the body, while the body
provides the mind with sensory input
-Began the school of thought known as
empiricism
(acquisition of truth through observations)
- Used the Term Tabula Rasa (blank slate) which
means all knowledge is gained through
experience
-Only things that exist are matter and energy
-Theories influenced the school of thought
known as behaviorism
-Founder of the Science of Psychology
-Opened first laboratory to study consciousness
- First U.S. Psychologist
- Theory known as Structuralism, understanding
the smallest parts of the mind will give greater
understanding of the greater structure of the
mind
- 1st women to become President of the
American Psychological Association
-American activist that lobbied for the rights
of the mentally ill and led to the establishment
of state-run mental institutions
-First President of the American Psychological
Association
-First African American to receive a Ph.D. in
Psychology
-First African American female to receive a Ph.D.
in Psychology
-Theory of Natural Selection
-Evolutionary theory sets the stage by
establishing
behavior as observable and therefore subject
to scientific scrutiny
-Researched areas in the brain associated with the
ability to speak (frontal area of the left hemisphere of
the brain)
- Section of the brain renamed Broca’s area
-Researched the area of the brain associated
with the ability to comprehend speech
(rear area of the left temporal lobe)
- Section of the brain named Wernicke’s Brain
-Researched that the two hemispheres of the
brain can operate independently of each other
-Split-Brain Research
- Leading researcher in cognitive neuroscience
- Researched humans ability to see color
-Theory that cones in the retina are activated
by light waves associated with blue, red and
green (all other colors are a blend of the three)
- Weber’s Law, which states the greater the
magnitude of the stimulus the larger the difference must
be to be noticed
Ex: For a 20 pound bowling ball, it needs to
be a huge weight change rather than a small
weight change to be noticed
-Founder of Psychophysics (relationship between
stimulus and sensation)
-Discoveries in the field of information
processing in the visual system
-Psychoanalytic Approach
-Conscious Mind vs. Unconscious Mind
-Resolution of unconscious conflicts through
uncovering repressed memories
- Theory known as REM rebound, REM sleep
increases the more humans are deprived of sleep
-School of Thought known as Functionalism,
Understand how the mind fulfills its purpose
-Researchers that studied REM sleep, discovered
eyes move more vigorously during REM sleep
-Identified the stages that people tend to come
to terms with dying
(Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression,
Acceptance)
-
Leading researcher in the scientific study of
lucid dreaming
-Researcher in the field of hypnosis
-Behavoralist Approach
-Landmark experiment (Pavlov’s Dog Experiment),
identified the aspects of Classical Conditioning
- Behavoralist Approach
-Applied Classical Conditioning theories to
humans (Little Albert Experiment)
-Studied form of classical conditioning known
as conditioned taste aversion
-Animals are biologically conditioned to
associate illness with foul smelling/looking
food
- Behavoralist Approach
- Developed the theories of Operant Conditioning
(Skinner Box)
-Theory of Social Learning, or observational
learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)
-Human Learning takes place by neurons forming
new connections with one another or by
strengthening ones that already exist
-Neuroscientist that researched long-term
potentiation(LTP), which is that learning
takes place at the neural level
-Experiments that researched the concept of
Latent Learning, or learning that is not
outwardly expressed until the situation arises
-Cognitive component of learning
- Elementary learning processing
-Theory of connectionism (neural networks) and
helped lay the scientific foundation for Modern
Educational Psychology
-Experiments with short-term visual memory, or
Iconic memory
- Concept of an innate language acquisition
device , which helps in the development of
language in children
-Theory of Linguistic Relativity, in which
speakers of different languages develop
different cognitive systems as a result of their
differences in language and culture
-Experiments addressing the concept of insight,
sudden understanding of a problem or problem
solving ability
-Thinking “outside the box”
-
One of the Founding Fathers of Gestalt
Psychology
-Experimental study of memory and developed
the learning curve (learned knowledge graph)
-Researcher in the field of human memory
(misinformation effect and eyewitness memory
-Pioneer in the field of Cognitive Psychology
(average number of 7 in short-term memory)
-Focused on the psychology of prediction and
probability judgment (ambiguity aversion)
-Researched the reward centers of the brain
(located in the hypothalamus)
-Biological reasoning for motivation
-Tasks of moderate difficulty bring about the
highest level of performance
-Tasks too easy or too hard elicit the lowest
levels of performance
-Motivation is based on individual differences
and varying environments
-Environmental stimuli cause physiological
changes and responses
Stimulus
Physiological
Response
Experience
Of
Emotion
-Physiological response and the experience of
emotion occur simultaneously to the stimulus
Physiological
Arousal
Stimulus
Experience of
Emotion
-
-
Two Factor Theory, the emotion that we
experience is a result of the cognitive label that
individual’s apply to it
Physiological
Arousal
Experience
of Emotion
Stimulus
Cognitive
Appraisal
-
Fight or Flight Response, in relation to coping
with stress
-Cognitive Theory of how we respond to stress
(evaluates whether the event appears to be
stressful and if one can handle it)
-Pioneer in the study of emotions and their
relation to facial expressions (atlas of emotions)
- Work in the field of Comparative Psychology
(Opponent-process theory of emotion)
- Developer of the Mere Exposure effect