Transcript Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning
• A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement
or diminished if followed by punishment.
BOO/YEAH DEMO!
• Reinforcement is the Yeah!
• Punishment is the Boo!
Classical v. Operant
• They both use acquisition, discrimination,
SR, generalization and extinction.
•Classical Conditioning is automatic
(respondent behavior). Dogs automatically
salivate over meat, then bell- no thinking
involved.
•Operant Conditioning involves behavior
where one can influence their environment
with behaviors which have consequences
(operant behavior).
Is the organism learning associations
between events that it doesn’t control?
Classical Conditioning
Is the organism learning associations
between its behavior and resulting
events?
Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike
• Law of Effect:
rewarded
behavior is
likely to recur.
• SR connection
Thorndike
• Instrumental
Conditioning
• Consequence
which could be +/would shape future
responses
• Cat Puzzle Boxes
B.F. Skinner
Shaping or Successive
Approximations
• A procedure in Operant Conditioning in
which reinforcers guide behavior closer
and closer towards a goal.
Operant Conditioning Chamber
Skinner Box
Conditioning
Reinforcer
• Any event that STRENGTHENS the
behavior it follows.
Two Types of Reinforcement:
Positive and Negative
Positive Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by presenting a
stimulus after a response.
Chaining
• Taught to perform a series of behaviors in
succession in order to get a reward
• Ex.—My kids must shower, brush their
teeth and floss, wash their face, and comb
their hair before they can read books at
night!
Negative Reinforcement
• Strengthens a response by reducing or
removing an aversive stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
• Escape Learning— terminate an aversive
stimulus
– Ex.—Kid acts bad to get kicked out of class
• Avoidance Learning— avoid an aversive
stimulus all together
– Ex.—Kid skips class to avoid teacher she
does not like
Punishment
• An event that
DECREASES the
behavior that it
follows.
Does punishment work?
Two Types of Punishment
• Positive
Punishment
• Adding something
unpleasant
• Ex.--Spanking
• Negative
Punishment or
Omission Training
• Taking away
something
pleasant
• Ex.—Taking car
away for bad
grades
Review Sheet
• Do the first 10 on the sheet
• Complete the rest for HW.
• Turn in next class.
Primary Reinforcer
• An innately reinforcing stimulus
Conditioned (Secondary)
Reinforcer
• A stimulus that gains it reinforcing
power through its association with a
primary reinforcer.
• Money is also a GENERALIZED
REINFORCER!
Token Economy
• Giving a “token” when someone does the
correct behavior.
• After earning so many “tokens”, the person
can trade them in for a reward.
• Tokens would be generalized reinforcers.
• Ex.—Treasure Chest in Kindergarten
• Ex.—Reinforcement in class today!
Premack Principle
• Reinforcing properties depend on the
individual.
• Ex.—To reinforce my son, I would take
him to get Sushi, but that would be
punishment for my daughter.
• Ex.—To reinforce my daughter, I would
take her shopping, but that would be
punishment for my son.
Do these terms apply to
Operant Conditioning too?
•
•
•
•
•
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
The answer is YES! They do.
Work quickly in partners to explain how.
Reinforcement
Schedules
Continuous
Reinforcement
• Reinforcing the desired response every
time it occurs.
Quick Acquisition
Quick Extinction
Partial Reinforcement
• Reinforcing a
response only part
of the time.
• The acquisition
process is slower.
• Greater resistance
to extinction.
Variable-ratio Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response after an
unpredictable
number of
responses.
Example: I give Homer a donut at random
times when he says “DOH!!!”
Fixed-ratio Schedules
• A schedule that reinforces a response only
after a specified number of responses.
Example: I give cookie monster a cookie
every FIVE times he sings “C is for cookie”.
Fixed-interval Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement
that reinforces a
response only
after a specified
time has elapsed.
Example: I give Bart a Butterfinger every ten
minutes after he moons someone.
Variable-interval Schedule
• A schedule of
reinforcement that
reinforces a
response at
unpredictable time
intervals.
Pop Quizzes
Complete the last page in the
worksheet!