Transcript An Introduction to - (www.forensicconsultation.org).

An Introduction to
THEORIES of LEARNING
Ninth Edition
CHAPTER
13
Albert Bandura
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Albert Bandura
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Earlier Explanations of
Observational Learning
• Thorndike’s and Watson’s
Explanations
 Thorndike (1901):“Nothing. . . favors
the hypothesis that they have any
general ability to learn to do things from
seeing others do them” (p. 42).
 Watson (1908): Learning can result only
from direct experience and not from
indirect or vicarious experience.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Earlier Explanations of
Observational Learning
• Miller and Dollard’s Explanation
 Within the framework of Hullian learning
theory, if imitative behavior is
reinforced, it will be strengthened.
 A special case of instrumental
conditioning.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Earlier Explanations of
Observational Learning
• Miller and Dollard’s Three Categories
1. Same behavior: Two or more
individuals respond to the same
situation in the same way. (Audience
Behavior)
2. Copying behavior: The guiding of one
person’s behavior by another.
(Teaching)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Earlier Explanations of
Observational Learning
• Miller and Dollard’s Three Categories
3. Matched-dependent behavior: An
observer is reinforced for blindly
repeating the actions of a model.
(When in Rome….)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Earlier Explanations of
Observational Learning
• The Skinnerian Analysis of
Observational Learning
 Very similar to Miller and Dollard’s.
 Imitation is nothing more than a
discriminative operant.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Recent Research—Nonhumans Can
Learn by Observing
• Quail can perform an observed
response even when there is a thirtyminute delay between observation and
performance (Dorrance & Zentall,
2001).
• Chimpanzees that watch another
chimpanzee spit water into a cylinder in
order to float a peanut to the top of the
cylinder also learn this action.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Bandura's Explanation of
Observational Learning
• Observational learning may or may not
involve imitation.
• What you learn in observation is
information.
• Observational learning is much more
complex than simple imitation.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The BoBo Doll Experiment
• Children observed a film in which a
model was shown hitting and kicking a
large doll.
 One group saw the model reinforced for
aggressiveness.
 A second group of children saw the
model punished for aggressiveness.
 For a third group, the consequences
were neutral.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The BoBo Doll Experiment
• When exposed to the doll…
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The BoBo Doll Experiment
• Children’s behavior was influenced by
indirect or vicarious reinforcement
and punishment.
• When offered a positive incentive for
being aggressive, ALL children were
aggressive, regardless of the prior
vicarious experience.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Attentional Processes
 A person’s sensory capacities will
influence the attentional processes.
 Characteristics of models will also affect
the extent to which they are attended
to.
 Models will be attended to more often if
they are similar to the observer.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Retentional Processes
 Once information is stored cognitively, it
can be retrieved covertly, rehearsed,
and strengthened long after the
observational learning has taken place.
 Bandura (1977), “It is the advanced
capacity for symbolization that enables
humans to learn much of their behavior
by observation” (p. 25).
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Behavioral Production Processes
 Determine the extent to which that
which has been learned is translated
into performance.
 One may learn a great deal cognitively
but be unable to translate that
information into behavior.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Motivational Processes
 A major departure from traditional
reinforcement theories.
 Reinforcement is not needed for
learning but provides a motive for
utilizing what has been learned.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
MAJOR THEORETICAL CONCEPTS
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Reciprocal Determinism
Behavior, the environment, and people (and their
beliefs) all interact.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Self-Regulation of Behavior
 Humans learn
• Performance standards, the basis of selfevaluation.
• Perceived self-efficacy, one’s beliefs
concerning what one is capable of doing.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• Moral Conduct
 Departure from one’s moral code brings
self-contempt.
 Bandura (1977): “There is no more
devastating punishment than selfcontempt” (p. 154).
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Major Theoretical Concepts
• There are several mechanisms that can
be used to dissociate reprehensible acts
from self-sanctions.
• Make it possible for people to depart
radically from their moral principles
without experiencing self-contempt.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Self-Exonerating Mechanisms
• Moral Justification
 Reprehensible behavior becomes a
means to a higher purpose and
therefore is justifiable.
• Euphemistic Labeling
 Calling an otherwise reprehensible act
something other than what it really is.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Self-Exonerating Mechanisms
• Advantageous Comparison
 Comparing one’s self-deplored acts with
even more heinous acts.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Self-Exonerating Mechanisms
• Displacement of Responsibility
 “I did it, because I was ordered to do
so.”
• Diffusion of Responsibility
 “Everyone else was doing it too.”
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Self-Exonerating Mechanisms
• Dehumanization
 If individuals are subhuman, they can
be treated inhumanly.
• Attribution of Blame
 Blaming the victim.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Practical Applications
• Modeling in the Clinical Setting
 Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969):
Adults and adolescents with a snake
phobia
• Group 1 (symbolic modeling) exposed to
a film.
• Group 2 (modeling-participation)
watched a model and then were helped
by the model.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Practical Applications
• Modeling in the Clinical Setting
 Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969):
Adults and adolescents with a snake
phobia
• Group 3 received desensitization therapy.
• Group 4 received no treatment of any
kind.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969)
Generalized Effects
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
News and Entertainment Media
• Bandura (1986): “Analyses of televised
programs reveal that violent conduct is
portrayed, for the most part, as
permissible, successful, and relatively
clean . . . . “(p. 292)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
News and Entertainment Media
• “Males exposed to modeled sexual
assault behave more punitively toward
women than if exposed to modeled
sexual intimacy devoid of aggressions .
. . .” (pp. 294–295)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Mirror Neurons—Observational
Learning
• Mirror neurons reveal one way in
which the brain encodes a behavior
made by another animal, thereby
facilitating execution of the same
behavior.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Mirror Neurons—Observational
Learning
• Chameleon Effect: The “nonconscious
mimicry of the postures, mannerisms,
facial expressions, and other behaviors
of one’s interaction partners”
(Chartrand & Bargh, 1999, p. 893)
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Bandura on Education
• Teachers can be highly influential
models.
• They can model skills, problem-solving
strategies, moral codes, performance
standards, general rules and principles,
and creativity.
• For students, additional benefits can
accrue from imitating an effective
model.
An Introduction to Theories of Learning, Ninth Edition
Matthew H. Olson | B. R. Hergenhahn
Copyright © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved