Transcript gender-typed activities

Chapter 9
Theories of Social Development
Stages of Psychosexual Development
Stage 1: Oral Stage
Stage 2: Anal Stage
• Birth–1 year
• Satisfaction through oral pleasure
• 1–3 years
• Pleasure from defecation
Stage 3: Phallic Stage
Stage 4: Latency Period
• 3–6 years
• Sexual pleasure focuses on the
genitalia
• 6–12 years
• Sexual energy is diverted to socially
acceptable activities
Stage 5: Genital Stage
• 12 years and beyond
• Sexual maturity
• Sexual intercourse is the goal
Stages of Psychosocial Development
Stage 1: Basic Trust vs Mistrust
• First year
• Crisis: sense of trust
Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt
• 4–6 years
• Goal setting
• Crisis: learning to balance between
initiative and guilt
Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame
and Doubt
• 1–3 years
• Crisis: maintaining autonomy while
facing increasing social demands
Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority
• 6–puberty
• Ego development
• Crisis: mastering skills to fit in with
the culture
Stage 5: Identity vs Role
Confusion
• Adolescence–early adulthood
• Crisis: sense of identity
Learning Theories
•Behaviorism
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
 Psychological Care of Infant and Child (1928)
A childrearing manual promoting distance and
objectivity while parenting
 Little Albert
•Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Behavior modification
•Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Reciprocal Determinism
Child
Environment
Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment
• Vicarious
Reinforcement
The average number of
aggressive behaviors
children imitated after seeing
a model rewarded, punished,
or receiving no
consequences for her
behavior. In the no-incentive
test, the children were simply
left alone in the room with the
Bobo doll but were given no
instructions. In the positiveincentive test, they were
offered a reward to do what
they had seen the model do.
The results clearly show that
the children had learned from
what they observed and that
they had learned more than
they initially showed.
(Adapted from Bandura, 1965)
•Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking
Before age 6
• Children are virtually unaware of any perspective other than their own
Stage 1: Ages 6–8
• The child realizes that another person may have a different perspective,
but believes the difference is due to that person not having the same
information that they have
Stage 2: Ages 8–10
• The child realizes that another person may have a different perspective
and is able to think about the other person’s perspective
Stage 3: Ages 10–12
• The child systematically compares the perspective of self, other, and a 3rd
party
Stage 4: Age 12 and older
• The adolescent attempts to understand another’s perspective by
comparing it to a “generalized other” or to their social group
Ecological
Theories of
Development
•Ethological Model
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)-Imprinting
Evolutionary
Parental investment theory
Play behavior
Gender and Psychoanalytic Theory
•Freud:
Boys = Oedipus Complex
Girls = Electra Complex
Gender and Social Learning Theories
• gender-typed activities
Gender and Social Cognitive Theories
•Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Gender Identity (30 months)
Gender Stability (3–4 years)
Gender Constancy (5–7 years)
Gender Schema Theory
•gender schemas
Gender and Ecological Models
•Bioecological Model
•Evolutionary Psychology
Gender segregation in play
Percent of social playtime
that preschool and firstgrade children spent with
children of their own or the
other gender. (Adapted from
Maccoby, 1998)