Transcript AP PSYCH 1
AP Psychology Chapter 8 Learning Learning • Relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience • Associative learning- by linking two events close together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning.) Types of Conditioning • Conditioning- learning associations • Classical Conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. (Pavlovian conditioning) • Operant Conditioning- a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. • Observational Learning- learning from observing others. Classical Conditioning • Behaviorism- the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes • Most psychologist today agree with 1) but not 2) Pavlov’s Salivating Dog Experiment • (UCR) Uncontrolled Responsenaturally occurring response to the uncontrolled stimulus • (UCS) Uncontrolled Stimulusnaturally and automatically triggers a response • (CR) Conditioned Response- to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus • (CS) Conditioned Stimulus- irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response bell + food = salivation (CS) (UCS) (UCR) Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery • Extinction- diminished response when CS no longer signals an UCS • Generalization- the tendency to respond to similar stimuli to the CS • Spontaneous Recoveryreappearance of a CR after a pause/rest • Discrimination- the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and to other irrelevant stimuli Updating Pavlov’s Understanding • Cognitive processPavlov’s Legacy thoughts, perceptions, Applications of Classical expectations (predictability) Conditioning • Biological Predispositionsorganism’s learning capacity • Drug cravings appear at familiar drug used places • Counselors sometimes provide alcohol abusers with experiences that may reverse their positive associations with alcohol • Classical conditioning even works on the body’s disease-fighting immune system Operant Conditioning • Subjects associate behaviors with consequences (reinforced) • Operant Behavior- the act operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli • Respondent Behavior- behavior that occurred as an automatic response to some stimulus Skinner’s Experiments • Law of Effect- Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely followed by punishment less likely • Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)- a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer. This is recorded. • Shaping- reinforcers gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired behavior Principles of Reinforcement Reinforcement • In operant conditioning, any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response (positive) or (negative) Types of Reinforcements • Primary- satisfies a biological need • Conditioned- gains reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer) • Continuous- reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs • Partial- responses are sometimes reinforced Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive Negative - Add a desirable stimulus - Remove an aversive stimulus • Getting a hug • Fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping • Watching T.V. • Sharing with friends • Saying “I’m sorry” will equal forgiveness Schedules • Fixed-Ratio- a schedule of • Variable-Ratio- a schedule reinforcement that of reinforcement that reinforces a response only reinforces a response after after a specified number of an unpredictable number responses of responses • Fixed-Interval- a schedule • Variable-Interval- a of reinforcement that schedule of reinforcement reinforces a response only that reinforces a response after a specified time has at unpredictable time elapsed intervals Punishment- opposite to that of reinforcement; decreases behavior that it follows Positive Negative - Administer an aversive stimulus - Withdraw a desirable stimulus • Spanking • Time-out from privileges such as T.V. • A parking ticket • Revoked driver’s license • A friend yells at you for lying to them; therefore, you wont lie again (hopefully) • For lying to your friend, she/he stops being your friend Updating Skinner’s Understanding • Cognitive map- mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. • Latent learning-learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it • Overjustification effect- promise a reward for doing a likable thing Continued… • Intrinsic motivation- the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake • Extrinsic motivation- desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment Observational Learning - Learning by observing others • Modeling- process of observing and imitating a specific behavior • Mirror neurons- (frontal lobe & motor cortex) mirroring another’s actions may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy (monkey see, monkey do) • Prosocial- (positive, helpful) models can have prosocial effect. The opposite of antisocial behavior. Albert Bandura’s Experiment Bandura studied observational learning and put it to a test where he had a child watch an adult abuse a bop-it doll. Therefore, in return, the child would respond in the same way if he/she was in the past violent or they would not act in such a way if they were not violent in the past. This showed that most children lead by example or observational learning. Example: Two boys watch wrestling on T.V. then they all of a sudden start reenacting the men who are wrestling. (observational learning) The End By: Lauren