Transcript document

Chapter 11
Parenting
Chapter Outline
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Roles Involved in Parenting
Choices Perspective of Parenting
Transition to Parenthood
Parenthood: Some Facts
Principles of Effective Parenting
Single Parenting Issues
Approaches to Childrearing
True or False?
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Mothers, more than fathers, are much more
likely to overindulge their children.
Answer: True
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Mothers, more than fathers, are much more
likely to overindulge their children.
True or False?
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Infants who sleep with their own parents in
the parents’ bed are at significant risk of
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome when
compared with children who do not share a
bed with their parents.
Answer: False
A study of 260 SIDS deaths found that the
usual bed sharing where one infant shares
the bed with a parent is not associated with
SIDS.
• However, where the parent slept on a sofa or
where more than one child was in the bed,
there was an increased risk of SIDS.
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True or False?
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Parents, compared to nonparents, report
higher marital satisfaction.
Answer: False
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A study of the effect children have on marital
satisfaction found:
– Parents (both women and men) reported lower
marital satisfaction than nonparents.
– Mothers of infants reported the most significant
drop in marital satisfaction.
– The higher the number of children, the lower the
marital satisfaction.
– Factors that depressed marital satisfaction were
conflict and loss of freedom.
Roles Involved in Parenting
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6.
7.
Caregiver
Emotional Resource
Economic Resource
Teacher
Protector
Health Promotion
Ritual Bearer
Parent as Teacher
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Pg. 317
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Learning how to fish
begins with learning
how to use the
equipment.
A hands-on lesson is
the beginning of the
skill.
Parent as Protector
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Pg. 318
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This mother is ensuring
the safety of her child
by putting her child on
the school bus.
Nature of Parenting Choices
Not to make a parental decision is to make a
decision.
• All parental choices involve trade-offs.
• Reframe “regretful” parental decisions.
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Five Basic Parenting Choices
1.
2.
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4.
5.
Deciding whether to have a child.
Deciding the number of children.
Deciding the interval between children.
Deciding one’s method of discipline and
guidance.
Deciding the degree to which one will be
invested in the role of parent.
Transition to Motherhood
Although childbirth is sometimes thought of
as painful, some women describe the
experience as fantastic, joyful, and
unsurpassed.
• Emotional bonding may be temporarily
impeded by a mild depression, characterized
by irritability, crying, loss of appetite, and
difficulty sleeping.
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Transition to Motherhood
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Pg. 320
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A woman’s transition to
the role of mother
begins when she
becomes pregnant.
How Children Benefit From an
Involved Father
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Make good grades
Less involved in crime
Good health/selfconcept
Have a strong work
ethic
Have durable marriages
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Have a strong moral
conscience
Have higher life
satisfaction
Have higher incomes as
adults
Have higher education
levels
How Children Benefit From an
Involved Father
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Form close friendships
Have stable jobs
Have fewer premarital
births
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Have lower child sex
abuse
Exhibit fewer anorectic
symptoms
Percentage of Couples Getting
Divorced by Number of Children
Transition from a Couple to a
Family
Researchers disagree over whether children
have a negative or positive impact on a
couple’s marital relationship.
• Regardless of how children affect the feelings
spouses have about their marriage, spouses
report more commitment to their relationship
once they have children.
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Parenthood: Some Facts
Each Child Is Unique
– Parents soon become aware of how each
child is different from every other child
they know.
• Parents Are Only One Influence in a Child’s
Development
– Others include: siblings, teachers, media,
internet
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Parenting Styles
Permissive parents are high on
responsiveness and low on demandingness.
• Authoritarian parents are high on
demandingness and low in responsiveness.
• Authoritative parents are both demanding and
responsive.
• Uninvolved parents are low in
responsiveness and demandingness.
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Question
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What style of parenting is associated with
obedience at all costs?
A. authoritative parenting
B. permissive parenting
C. authoritarian parenting
D. democratic parenting
Answer: C
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The authoritarian parenting style is
associated with obedience at all costs.
Question
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Who are more likely to defer to their
children?
A. permissive parents
B. democratic parents
C. authoritative parents
D. authoritarian parents
Answer: A
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Permissive parents are more likely to defer
to their children.
Principles of Effective Parenting
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Time, Love, Praise, and Encouragement
– Since children depend on their parents for
the development of their of emotional
security, that parents must provide a warm
emotional context in which the children can
develop.
Principles of Effective Parenting
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Monitor Child’s Activities
– Abundant research suggests that parents
who know where their children are and
who they are with, are less likely to report
that their adolescents are involved in
delinquent behavior such as drinking
alcohol, poor academic performance, and
sexual activity.
Principles of Effective Parenting
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Set Limits and Discipline Children for
Inappropriate Behavior
– The goal of guidance is self-control.
– Guidance may involve reinforcing desired
behavior or providing limits to children’s
behavior.
Principles of Effective Parenting
Provide Security
– Security provides children with the needed
self-assurance to venture beyond the
family.
• Encourage Responsibility
– Giving children increased responsibility
encourages the autonomy and
independence they need to be assertive
and independent.
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Principles of Effective Parenting
Provide Sex Education
– Although they are reluctant to discuss safe
sex, their doing so often has positive
consequences.
• Express Confidence
– If the parents show the child that they have
confidence in him or her, the child begins
to accept these social definitions as real
and becomes more self-confident.
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Principles of Effective Parenting
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Respond to Teen Years Creatively
– Catch them doing what you like rather than
criticizing them for what you don’t like.
– Be direct when necessary.
– Provide information rather than answers.
– Be tolerant of high activity levels.
– Engage in some activity with your
teenagers.
Teenagers
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Pg. 332
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Teenagers present a
special challenge to
parents; to begin with,
teenagers sometimes
put a low value on
parents.
Single Parents
At least half of all children will spend 1/4 of
their lives in a female-headed household.
• The stereotype of the single parent is the
unmarried Black single mother.
• In reality, 40% of single mothers are white
and only 33% are Black.
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Single Parents
A single-parent family is one in which there is
only one parent.
– The other parent is completely out of the
child’s life through death, sperm donation,
or complete abandonment.
• A single-parent household is one in which
one parent typically has primary custody of
the child or children but the parent living out
of the house is still a part of the child’s family.
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Challenges of Single Parenting
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2.
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4.
5.
Responding to the demands of parenting
with limited help.
Adult emotional needs.
Adult sexual needs.
Lack of money.
If the other parent is completely out of the
child’s life, the single parent needs to appoint
a guardian in the event of death or disability.
Challenges of Single Parenting
Prenatal care.
• Single women who decide to have a child have
poorer pregnancy outcomes than married
women.
7. Absence of a father.
8. Negative life outcomes for the child in a singleparent family.
6.
Question
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Which of the following is not a challenge
faced by a single parent?
A. independence
B. satisfaction of adult needs
C. financial struggles
D. discipline of children
Answer: A
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Independence is not a challenge faced by a
single parent.
Approaches to Childrearing
Developmental-Maturational Approach
– “Ages-and-stages” approach to
childrearing
• Behavioral Approach
– Behavior is learned through classical and
operant conditioning.
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Approaches to Childrearing
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Parent Effectiveness Training Approach
– Focuses on what children feel and experience in
the here and now—how they see the world.
Socioteleological Approach
– Because children feel powerless in the face of
adult superiority, they try to compensate by
gaining attention, exerting power, seeking
revenge, and acting inadequate.
Approaches to Childrearing
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Attachment Parenting
– Overall, the ultimate goal is for parents to
get connected with their baby.
– Once parents are connected, it is easy for
parents to figure out what works for them
and to develop a parenting style that fits
them and their baby.
Question
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What is the primary focus of parent
effectiveness training?
A. family systems theory
B. letting children make their own
decisions
C. operant conditioning
D. life and behavior based on how
children view their world
Answer: D
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The primary focus of parent effectiveness
training is life and behavior based on how
children view their world.
Question
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The theory that children feel powerless and
act out to compensate for it is the basis for
A. social learning approach.
B. family systems theory.
C. socioteleological approach.
D. reality therapy.
Answer: C
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The theory that children feel powerless and
act out to compensate for it is the basis for
socioteleological approach.