Transcript The Behavioral Model

Theoretical Perspectives
Theoretical Perspectives
Psychodynamic model
Humanistic Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Behavioral and Cognitive Perspective
Biological Perspective
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Three Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Levels
of Consciousness
Psychoanalysis
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Id
follows the
pleasure principle
Life instincts
Death instincts
Libido
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
 Ego
follows the
reality principle
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
The Defense Mechanisms
1. Repression - the
ejection of anxietyevoking ideas from
awareness
The Defense Mechanisms
2. Denial -
Refusal to accept
the true nature
of a threat
The Defense Mechanisms
3. Fantasy - Gratifying frustrated
desires by imaginary achievements
reality
imagination
The Defense Mechanisms
4. Projection - The thrusting of one’s
own unacceptable impulses onto
others so that others are assumed to
harbor them
The Defense Mechanisms
5. Rationalization - the use of
self-deceiving justifications
for unacceptable behavior
The Defense Mechanisms
6. Reaction formation Assumption of behavior in opposition to
one’s genuine impulses in order to keep
impulses repressed
The Defense Mechanisms
7. Displacement - The transfer of ideas and
impulses from threatening or unsuitable
objects to less threatening objects
The Defense Mechanisms
8. Intellectualization (isolation) analyze threatening
issues in an emotionally
detached way
The Defense Mechanisms
9. Undoing - Person tries to make up for
unacceptable desires or acts, frequently
through ritualistic behavior
The Defense Mechanisms
10. Regression the return, under stress,
to a form of behavior
characteristic of an
earlier stage of
development
The Defense Mechanisms
11. Overcompensation - Masking perceived
weaknesses by developing positive traits
to make up for limitations
The Defense Mechanisms
12. Sublimation - The channeling of
socially unacceptable impulses into
positive, constructive efforts
The Defense Mechanisms
13. Identification –
The tendency to base
one’s identity and
actions on individuals
who are successful in
gaining satisfaction
from life
The Psychodynamic Model
Freud’s Theory
Superego
follows the
moral principle
conscience
ego ideal
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The oral stage
oral receptive
oral aggressive
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The anal stage
anal-retentive
anal-expulsive
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The phallic stage
Oedipus complex
castration anxiety
Electra complex
penis envy
Stages of Psychosexual Development
The latency stage
The genital stage
Incest taboo
The Psychodynamic Model
Other Psychodynamic Explanations
Carl Jung
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Ego theorists
Self theorists
Object relations theorists
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Free Association
Therapist Interpretation
resistance
transference
dreams
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
The Meaning of Dreams
Day Residue
Stimulus Incorporation
The Psychodynamic Model
Dream Interpretation
Manifest content
Latent content
The Psychodynamic Model
Psychodynamic Therapies
Catharsis
Working Through
Humanistic Perspective
Humanism
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
frames of reference
self-esteem
unconditional positive regard
conditional positive regard
conditions of worth
client-centered therapy
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
Societal labels and roles
Social networks and supports
Family Perspective
Intergenerational
Family systems theory
enmeshed structure
disengagement
Strategic
Experiential
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Explanations
Culture
Societal conditions
Religion and Spirituality
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Therapies
Family Therapy
structural family therapy
conjoint family therapy
Group Therapy
self-help group
Multicultural Approach
gender-sensitive or feminist therapy
The Sociocultural Model
Sociocultural Therapies
Milieu Therapy
Couple Therapy or Marital Therapy
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the
unlearned stimulus that elicits a response
from an organism prior to conditioning
The unconditioned response (UCR) is an
unlearned response to an unconditioned
stimulus
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning
The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a
previously neutral stimulus that elicits a
conditioned response because it has been
repeatedly paired with a stimulus that
already elicited that response
The conditioned response (CR) is a response
similar to the unconditioned response but is
elicited by the conditioned stimulus
The Behavioral Model
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
CS
(bell)
UCS
(meat powder)
CR
UCR
(salivation)
The Behavioral Model
Watson and Raynor Study
Film
The Behavioral Model
Operant conditioning
The Behavioral Model
Positive Reinforcement
Increases the frequency of a response
m
m&m
m & mm & m
m & m m & mm & m
m&
m&m
m&m
Primary and Secondary
Reinforcement
 Secondary reinforcer
 Primary reinforcer
The Behavioral Model
Extinction
Social Learning
Modeling
Vicarious reinforcement
Vicarious punishment
The Behavioral Model
Negative Reinforcement
Increases the probability that a response will
occur when the painful stimulus is removed
Ouch!
Cognitive Based Theory
Cognitive Explanations
Illogical thinking processes
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Systematic desensitization
Fear hierarchy
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Behavioral Therapies
Contingency Management Techniques
Behavior Modification
Token Economies
Behavioral/Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive Restructuring
Panic Control Therapy (PCT)
Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT)
Self-efficacy
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Hindbrain
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Limbic System
Septal area
Amygdala
Hippocampus
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Cerebral Cortex
fissures
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Parts of a Neuron
Synaptic knobs
Cell body
Axon Terminals
Cytoplasm
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin Sheath
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Parts of a Neuron
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Synaptic Transmission
A neuron relays its message to
another neuron across a junction
called a synapse.
A synapse consists of an axon
terminal from the transmitting
neuron, a dendrite or soma of a
receiving neuron, and a fluid-filled
gap between the two called a
synaptic gap.
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
Synaptic Transmission
In axon terminals there are
sacs or synaptic vesicles that
contain chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
The neurotransmitter floats
across the gap and fits into a
specific location on a dendrite
called a receptor site.
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Adrenal Glands
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Pancreas
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
The Biological Model
Biological Explanations
The Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
The Biological Model
Genetic Influences
Chromosomes
Genes
Evolution
Mutation
Viral Infections
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies
Psychotropic medications
Antianxiety drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Antibipolar drugs
Antipsychotic drugs
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The Biological Model
Biological Therapies
Psychosurgery
Biopsychosocial Perspectives
Biopsychosocial Theories
Diathesis-stress view
The End