Transcript Famous Psychologists

Famous Psychologists
ADVANCED PLACEMENT
PSYCHOLOGY
Willhelm Wundt

IntrospectionPsychology & the
study of conscious
experience

Father of
Psychology

University of Leipzig
Mary Whiton Calkins

First woman
president of the
APA.

Denied a Ph.D. from
Harvard for being
female.
Freud
Superego
Id
Ego
Defense Mechanisms
-Deny/distort reality
-Act unconsciously
Freud
http://www.discunlimited.com/images/company_assets/512f1c7f-0d64-4a5e-9d91-785dc064755f/Image/Research/FreudsIcebergModel.bmp
Freud
• Id – pleasure principle - innate
• Ego – reality principle - learned
• Superego – “conscience” learned
• If Ego can’t maintain balance
between Id and Superego, then
defense mechanisms
• Psychoanalysis
• dream analysis, hypnosis and
free associations
• reveal unconscious
Freud
Stages of Psychosexual Development
• Oral Stage (0-1 year)
• Anal Stage (1-3 years)
• Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)
• Latency Period (5/6 – puberty)
• Genital Stage (puberty – maturity)
The events of psychosexual development may lead to
fixations later on in adult life
Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian

Superiority complex

Inferiority complex

Sibling rivalry

Birth order
Karen Horney
NeoFreudian that
believed that there
was an inner
conflict but did not
agree with the
penis envy and
women having less
of an ability to
suppress their urges.
Carl Jung

People have
conscious &
unconscious
awareness

Archetypes

Collective
Unconscious
Phineas Gage

Brain is involved with
emotions & behavior
& personality

Frontal Lobe
John Watson

Founder of
behaviorism

Little Albert study

Rosalie Rayner (his
graduate student
and later his wife)

Conditioning fear
Ivan Pavlov

Classical
conditioning

UCS elicits a UCR

Dogs

Salivation to meat
powder & tuning
fork

UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Gordon Allport

Cardinal Traits
(dominant
personality
characteristic)

Central Traits

Secondary Traits

PERSONALITY
theorist
B.F. Skinner

Behaviorism

Skinner Box

Operant
Conditioning
Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

Lower level needs
dominate higher
level needs

Goal is to be selfactualized
Albert Bandura
Observational
learning, or
modeling
Jean Piaget

Cognitive
Development of
children

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete
Operational

Formal Operational
Erik Erikson
James-Lange Theory (Emotions)
William James & Carl Lange
States that within human
beings, as a response to
experiences in the world,
the autonomic nervous
system creates
physiological events such
as muscular tension, a
rise in heart rate,
perspiration, and dryness
of the mouth. Emotions,
then, are feelings which
come about as a result of
these physiological
changes, rather than
being their cause.
Cannon-Bard theory (Emotins)
Walter Cannon & Philip Bard
Theory that we
experience
emotions and
physiologically
react
simultaneously.
Albert Ellis

Rational Emotive
Therapy

Cognitive Therapist

Focuses on altering
a client’s irrational
thinking to reduce
maladaptive
behavior and
emotions.
Carl Rogers

Humanist

Personal growth

Empathy,
acceptance,
understanding
Noam Chomsky

Language

Cognitive
Perspective

Humans have an
inborn native ability
to develop
language.
E.L. Thorndike

Law of Effect

Behaviorist
Edward Thordike
Famous for his Law of
Effect. The Law of Effect
states that a)
Responses to a
situation that are
followed by satisfaction
are strengthened; and
b) Responses that are
followed by discomfort
are weakened.
 Created the Puzzle Box
for cats to prove his
theory.

Robert Sternberg

Tricarchic theory of
intelligence
 Academic
solving
problem
 Practical
intelligence
 Creative
intelligence
Lawrence Kohlberg

Preconventional
morality

Conventional
morality

Post-conventional
morality
David Weschler

WAIS

Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Test for
Adults

Intelligence test for
adults (S-B test is not
good in assessing
adult intelligence)
Lewis Terman

Revised IQ test for
American children
and standardized
norms for American
kids.
Howard Gardner

Theory of multiple
intelligences
 Practical
intelligence
 Emotional
intelligence
 Natural
intelligence
 Analytical
intelligence
 Etc….
Diana Baumrind

Parenting styles
 Permissive
 Authoritative
 Authoritarian
Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll

Observational
Learning

Social-Cognitive
Perspective of
personality
Alfred Binet

First IQ test

Intelligence
Quotient
Charles Spearman

g= general ability

Mental talents are
highly correlated

Intelligence is NOT
multiple….
Paul Broca

Discovered that the
production of
language has been
linked to the
Broca’s area
(obviously named
after his discovery
of this particular
area)
Carl Wernicke

Part of the cerebral
cortex that is
important for
understanding of
written and spoken
language.

Named after Carl
Wernicke
Harry Harlow

UW Madison

Rhesus monkeys

Attachment is not =
to food, comfort
and warmth and
love is important,
too!
Herman Rorschach

Projective test

Ink blots
Carol Gilligan

Moral reasoning in
girls.

Nurturing and
caring part of a
girl’s DNA – should
count in moral
reasoning.

Dislikes Kohlberg’s
Morality Stages.
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

DABDA – Stages of
Death & Dying
 Denial
 Anger
 Bargaining
 Depression
 Acceptance
Martin Seligman

Learned
Helplessness

Positive Psychology
Stanley Milgram

Obedience

Shocks

How far will people
go?
Elizabeth Loftus

Memory

False memories of
childhood traumas

Repression of
threatening
childhood
memories
Phillip Zimbardo

Stanford Prison
Study

Power of social roles
and behavior

“The Lucifer Effect”