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Seminar 2 – Unit 2 Methods and Ethics How do we know things? Dogmatism ◦ the tendency to cling to assumptions Empiricism ◦ accurate knowledge requires observation Method ◦ set of rules that aid us in making correct/accurate observations Empiricism Operationally define (pick one): ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Curiosity Attention Knowledge Aggression Happiness Operational Definitions Naturalistic Observation Experimentation Control Group Experimental group Independent variable (IV) Dependent variable (DV) Surveys Questionnaires Interviews Correlation Methods What How Case studies ◦ A type of research that involves making indepth observations of individual persons. Surveys ◦ A research method that involves interviewing or giving questionnaires to a large number of people. Naturalistic observations ◦ The observation of behavior as it occurs naturally in real-world settings Descriptive Research ©2001 Prentice Hall Population Random Sample Convenience Sample Purposive Sample Sample who Experiments A type of research in which the investigator varies some factors, keeps others constant, and measures the effects on randomly assigned subjects. ©2001 Prentice Hall Frequency distribution Normal distribution Distribution The Irony of Experimental Methods “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong.” Albert Einstein ©2001 Prentice Hall Correlation Correlation does not imply causation Issues in which there is a correlation, no causation ◦ Cavities and vocabulary ◦ Red cars and accidents Third Variable Causation Would you obey? Milgram’s famous study Field Trip I Current (Darren Brown) Field Trip II Ethics (Harlow’s Monkeys) Field Trip III Field Trip Informed consent ◦ Freedom from coercion ◦ Protection from harm ◦ risk=-benefit analysis Debriefing Animals Ethics Milgram’s Obedience study Zimbardo’s Prison study Rosenhan’s “sanity” study Skinner’s Operant conditioning Pavlov’s dogs Harlow’s attachment Bandura’s Bobo Doll Elliot’s prejudice study Ebbinghaus’s Memory study Watson & Rayner’s “Little Albert” Top 10 Experiments