A.P. Psychology 6 (C) - Operant Conditioning
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Transcript A.P. Psychology 6 (C) - Operant Conditioning
Unit 6 (C):
Operant Conditioning
Mr. McCormick
A.P. Psychology
Do-Now:
(Discussion)
Describe the following phenomena of Classical
Conditioning:
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Learned Helplessness
What is Operant Conditioning and how does it
differ from Classical Conditioning?
Classical Vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
forms associations between
stimuli (CS and US)
Respondent Behavior
Operant conditioning
forms an association
between behaviors and
the resulting events.
Operant Behavior
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning:
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened
if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a
punisher
Skinner’s Experiments
B.F. Skinner’s experiments extend Edward
Thorndike’s thinking, especially his law of
effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is
likely to occur again.
Operant Chamber
Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting
point, Skinner developed the operant chamber,
or the “Skinner Box,” to study operant
conditioning.
Operant Chamber
The Operant Chamber, or
“Skinner Box,” comes
with a bar or key that an
animal manipulates to
obtain a reinforcer like
food or water.
The bar or key is connected
to devices that record the
animal’s response.
Shaping
Shaping is the operant conditioning procedure in
which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired
target behavior through successive approximations.
A rat shaped to sniff mines. A manatee shaped to
discriminate objects of different shapes, colors and sizes.
Types of Reinforcers
Reinforcer:
Any event that strengthens (reinforces) the behavior it
follows
A reinforcement is a reward
Types of Reinforcers
Types of Reinforcers
Primary Reinforcer:
An innately reinforcing stimulus
Often satisfies a biological need
E.g. Pizza
Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcer:
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through
its association with a primary reinforcer
E.g. Money
Types of Reinforcers
If a teacher wanted to reinforce students
arriving to class on time, how could he or she
employ the following types of reinforcers:
Positive/Primary
Positive/Secondary
Negative/Primary
Negative/Secondary
Schedules of Reinforcement
Terms to consider:
Fixed:
Variable:
Changeable/Unpredictable
Ratio:
Set/Pre-determined
Number of times
Interval:
Amount of time intervals
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio:
Reinforces a response only after a specified number of
responses
E.g. Buy 10 coffees, get one free
Variable-Ratio:
Reinforces response after an unpredictable number of
responses
E.g. Slot machines
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed-Interval:
Reinforces a response only after a specified time has
elapsed
E.g. Weekly pay checks
Variable-Interval:
Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
E.g. Pop quizzes
Schedules of Reinforcement
Provide an example of each of the following
schedules of reinforcement:
Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-Interval
Which one do you think is least effective?
Which one do you think is most effective?
Which one do you think is most addictive?
Schedules of Reinforcement
Punishment
Punishment
Do
you feel that punishment is
effective, and under what types of
circumstances?
If
not, what other alternatives
do you support?
Punishment
Effects of Punishment on Behavior:
Punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
Punishment does not teach appropriate behavior
Punishment causes unwanted behaviors to reappear
in its absence
Punishment can teach fear
Justifies pain to others
Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by
modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems
Review
What is Operant Conditioning?
Describe the following types of reinforcement:
Describe the following schedules of reinforcement:
Positive
Negative
Primary
Secondary (Conditioned)
Fixed-Ratio
Variable-Ratio
Fixed-Interval
Variable-Interval
What are some ways that punishment affects behavior?
Homework
Research Study # 10: “Little Emotional Albert” (Pgs. 72-78)
Unit 6 Quiz: “Learning”
Unit 6 FRQ
Unit 6 Test: “Learning”
Chapter 8 Outline: “Memory”