Transcript Learning
Chapter 6 Learning This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7 Learning Learning – A lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience (Habituation) Learning Mere exposure effect Behavioral learning – (e.g. classical and operant conditioning) Pavlov’s Dogs “Real” founder of Behaviorism Russian physiologist & Nobel Prize Winner The Essentials of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) The stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response Examples of Unconditioned Stimuli food loud noise light in eye puff of air in touching hot stove salivation startle pupil contraction eye blink hand withdrawal The Essentials of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning The Essentials of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) A previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response The Essentials of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned response (UCR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR) A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus Classical Conditioning Prior to conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) (Orientation to sound but no response) UCS (food powder in mouth) UCR (salivation) Conditioning Neutral stimulus CS (tone) + UCS (food powder) CR (salivation) After conditioning CS (tone) CR (salivation) Learning to Fear Research suggests we can learn fear through association. Watson and Raynor conditioned “Little Albert” to be afraid of white rats Within days, Albert’s fear had generalized to other furry objects. Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery Conditioned Taste Aversions Taste-aversion learning – Biological tendency where an organism learns to avoid food One trial learning* How Do We Learn Behaviors by Operant Conditioning? Trial-and-error learning – Learner gradually discovers the correct response by attempting many behaviors Thorndike’s Puzzle Box http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/thorndike.htm#Theory Thorndike’s law of effect The consequence, or effect, of a response will determine the tendency to respond in the same way in the future (strengthened or weakened). Satisfying vs. Unsatisfying consequences (No consequences) Thorndike builds a Foundation Thorndike (1898) insisted that it was “unnecessary to invoke reasoning” to explain how the learning took place. Thorndike’s law of effect formed the conceptual starting point for Skinner’s work in operant conditioning. The Skinner Box The Power of Reinforcement Positive reinforcers – Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again Negative reinforcers – Removal of an unpleasant stimulus The Problem of Punishment Punishment – An aversive stimulus which decreases the probability of the response it follows How does this differ from negative reinforcement? Punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Response Consequence Loud Noise Press Lever Loud Noise Removed Press Lever Loud Noise Applied Punishment No Noise Four Kinds of Consequences Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior Positive Stimulus (Add) Negative Stimulus (Subtract) Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Bonus for working hard leads to more hard work Headache gone after aspirin leads to more aspirin use Positive Punishment Negative Punishment Getting speeding ticket leads to less speeding No Television leads to less staying out late When Punishment Fails Teaches poor behavior not good behavior Recipient responds with negative emotion (anxiety, fear, rage, distrust). The effectiveness is often temporary. Punishment conveys little information. An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing. More effective if* (Swift, Consistent, Sufficient, with explanation) Alternatives to Punishment Extinction Reinforcing preferred activities Premack principle • Prompting and shaping Final Comments-Shaping Behavior Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio schedules – Provide reward after a certain number of responses Interval schedules – Provide reward after a certain time interval Fixed Ratio (FR) Variable Ratio (VR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Interval (VI) Benefits of Partial Reinforcement Social Learning: Challenge to Behaviorism Social learning – Form of cognitive learning where new responses are acquired by watching (and the consequences) (Albert Bandura) Adult Model Children’s Behavior Kids Who Watch Lots of TV: Have higher petty delinquency More likely to be in serious fights/or to hurt someone badly Conflicts with parents that include fighting Perceive aggression to be effective and are more willing to use physical force Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement Intrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior. Extrinsic reinforcement is reinforcement provided by some consequence that is external to the behavior. External reinforcers may undermine internal reinforcers** Are Rewards always reinforcing? Overjustification effect – The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation -informative value vs. random consequence