Transcript Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning
+ Intro to Operant Conditioning
Learning Unit
Mrs. Craig
Conditioning= Learning
 Means
the same as Learning
 How
do we know learning
has taken place????
 Learning
is a permanent
change in behavior
Ivan Pavlov- Russian scientist 1900’s
First to discover classical conditioning
 Experimented with dog’s digestive system
 Famous experiment
 Discovered a neutral stimulus (bell,
footsteps) could be taught to dog to
create salivation
 Normally food creates salivation.
 First discovery on how learning occurs

Classical Conditioning
Most primitive learning
 Starts with something that is born in the
organism—UCS
 UCS= unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus
 UCR= unconditioned (unlearned) response
 NS= neutral stimulus (no connection to UCS)
the NS becomes the CS over time
 CS= conditioned (learned) stimulus
 CR= conditioned (learned) response

Pavlov’s Formula for CC

UCS to UCR (food to salivation)

NS + UCS to UCR (bell+food to salivation)
or
“learning by association”

CS to CR!!! (bell to salivation)

Learning has occurred!!!
John B Watson
Baby Albert Experiment
 Uses classical conditioning to teach fear
 Discrimination- fear of a specific stimulus


Generalization- fear of a general rather
than a specific stimulus
Experiment with Baby Albert considered
unethical today.
 WHY??

Review of Classical Conditioning
Starts with an unlearned relationship
(UCS to UCR)
 NS paired with UCS over time
 Learning takes place when the CR is
triggered by the CS (the original NS).
 Humans have very few inborn
unlearned relationships sooo……very
few classical conditioning learning
opportunities.!!!

OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Another
form of learning
 Called S-R-R theory
 S= Stimulus
 R= Response
 R(2nd one)= Reinforcement
 Classical Conditioning does NOT
use reinforcement at all!!!!!
REINFORCEMENT
ALWAYS increases a behavior
happening again!!!
 Positive Reinforcement= praise/feels
good


Negative reinforcement= avoid
something to increase a behavior
“proactive”
Punishment

decreases a behavior

Happens after a
Behavior occurs
“reactive”
Primary & Secondary Reinforcement

Primary are necessary
ex. Food

Secondary – can be turned into primary
Ex. Money or grades
Punishment – 2 types

Undesirable event following the behavior

A desirable event ends following the
behavior
4 schedules of reinforcement
Reinforcement that occurs after the next
correct response
 are based on time and behavior

Fixed and Variable Interval
 Fixed and Variable Ratio
 Interval means time
 Ratio means behavior

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement after a specific amount of
time
Variable Interval
Requires a period of time before a reinforcement is given
but the time is variable- you never know how quickly
or how long it takes before receiving a reinforcement
Example- pop quiz or a nibble/bite during fishing
Fixed Ratio

Reinforcement based on predetermined
number of behaviors ( you know how
many behavior you need to perform to
receive your reward!)
Variable Ratio

Must perform undetermined number of
behavior before getting reward.( could be
one or many more!) very strong motivator
could be addictive!