Transcript classical conditioning

The Learning
Perspective:
How the Environment Influences
Behavior
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Definition
Learning – a change in behavior
due to experience with the
environment
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Ivan Pavlov
Studied
digestive
reflexes and
salivation in
dogs
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Classical Conditioning
Learning through automatic
associations
Reflex/Involuntary behaviors,
emotions
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Classical Conditioning
Food
Salivation
•Unconditioned (unlearned) association
Food
(Unconditioned
Stimulus)
Salivation
(Unconditioned
Response)
Classical Conditioning
Bell
(Neutral Stimulus)
Food
Salivation
Unconditioned
Stimulus
Unconditioned
Response
• If you pair a NS with UCS a number
of times…
Classical Conditioning
Bell
(Conditioned Stimulus)
Salivation
(Conditioned
Response)
• It will begin to elicit a conditioned
response
Terminology
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Once paired with UCS, NS becomes
conditioned stimulus (CS) and elicits
conditioned response (CR) on its own
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Factors that increase acquisition
forward pairing
strong UCS
UCS and NS closer in time
higher frequency of pairings
distinctive CS
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Other principles of Classical
Conditioning
Stimulus Discriminaton
Stimulus Generalization
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Higher-order conditioning
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John B. Watson and Little
Albert
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Classical Conditioning in the
Real World
Advertising
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Classical Conditioning in the
Real World
Advertising
PTSD
Aversions
Phobias
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Applications of Classical
Conditioning to change behavior
Counterconditioning
Aversion Training
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Early Operant Conditioning
E.L. Thorndike (1898)
the “Puzzle Box”
Thorndike’s Law of
Effect
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B. F. Skinner
the Skinner Box
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Reinforcement
Increases the likelihood of a behavior
Primary and Secondary reinforcers
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
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Principles of Operant
Conditioning
Shaping
Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction
Multiple reinforcement
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Increasing Behavior Tips
Timing
Quality of reward
Partial schedules of reinforcement
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Classical vs. Operant
Conditioning
CLASSICAL
OPERANT
Stimulus precedes
response
Learning through
associations
Involuntary behavior
Stimulus follows
response
Learning through
consequences
Voluntary behavior
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Punishment
Decreases the likelihood of a behavior
not the same as negative reinforcement!
Punishment by application

(a.k.a. positive punishment, aversive
punishment)
Punishment by removal

(a.k.a. negative punishment, response cost)
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Problems with Punishment
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DRO Training Steps
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Applications of Operant
Conditioning to change behavior
behavior modification


uses shaping, incentives
token economy
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Social-Cognitive Learning
Theories
Depart from strict behaviorism
Take into account:


Role of awareness
Role of self-evaluation
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Latent Learning
Tolman’s rat study
3 groups



1. food at end of maze daily
2. no food in maze
3. no food in maze for 9 days, food in maze
on 10th day
cognitive maps
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Insight Learning
Insight = the sudden perception of the
connection of parts of a problem that
allows one to see a clear solution
the aha! moments
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This is a most unusual paragraph. How
quickly can you find out what is so unusual
about it? It looks so ordinary that you
would think that nothing is wrong with it at
all, and, in fact, nothing is. But it is
unusual. Why? If you study it and think
about it, you may find out, but I am not
going to assist you in any way. You must
do it without any hints or coaching. No
doubt, if you work at it for a bit, it will dawn
on you. Who knows? Go to work and try
your skill. Good luck!
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26 L. of the A.
9 P. in the S.S.
200 D. for P.G. in M.
5 D. in a Z.C.
11 P. on a F. T.
88 P.K.
4 A. in a D. of C.
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Observational Learning
Learning from others
Bandura’s social learning theory:
1. attention
2. retention (memory)
3. reproduction (imitation)
4. motivation
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Enhancing observational
learning
Status/Behavior of model
Dependence of observer
Uncertainty
Outcome
observational learning can lead to
undesirable behaviors as well!
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Learning Aggression
Bandura’s Bobo
doll study
3 IV conditions:
1. model rewarded
2. model scolded
3. no consequences
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Do we ‘learn’ violence?
Television violence
Video games
Pornography
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