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Behavior Modification I Lecture 10 Changing Our Behavior Behavior modification: Systematically applying behavior principles to the task of changing someone’s target behavior … our own or someone else’s. Janice & John Baldwin Operant conditioning principles ~ Some Applications Personal physical fitness motivation Psychotherapy panic attacks phobias Special education basic life skills social skills ~ Steps in Behavior Modification Scientific use of behavior (learning) principles Goal setting Behavioral Definitions Functional Analysis Objective measurement Data collection Evaluation ~ Goal Setting Identify target behavior the one we wish to change Excesses undesirable behaviors Deficits lack certain skills Developing human potential self-actualization ~ Excesses Deficits Human Potential Behavioral Definitions Careful definition of target behavior detailed objective measurable in numerical units Example vague: I want to study more. effective: On every study day, I want to study 30 minutes longer per day. ~ Chains of Behavior Accomplishment of overall goal Target behavior defined in smaller operant units linked together in chain of activities Can focus on weakest links first divide it into smaller behavioral units Basic skills --> integrated whole avoid coaches’ trap ~ Behavioral Definitions: Advantages Establishes performance level reward when goal attained no reward for suboptimal performance Helps create rules to solve problems if goals not being met how to address shortfall Helps evaluate merit of behavior changes is it producing the desired effect? is a different approach needed? ~ Functional Analysis Identify controlling (maintaining) variables Antecedents Consequences Hypotheses on role of behavior D : B SR) ABC model (S Used to create behavioral interventions reduce unwanted behaviors while encouraging desirable one ~ Functional Analysis Antecedents promote target behavior inhibit target behavior Behavior desired / undesired other behaviors Consequences promote target behavior inhibit target behavior Functional Analysis: Example Self-injurious behavior (SIB) Iwata et al Antecedent parents attention directed elsewhere Behavior SIB Consequence attention directed towards child Operant phenomena? ~ Functional Analysis: Example or… Antecedent direct child to eat stewed tomatoes Behavior SIB Consequence demand withdrawn Operant phenomena? ~ Objective Measurement Behavior and controlling stimuli Objectively record quantifiable form timing frequency Establish baseline for behavior~ Objective Measurement Example: Reduce smoking Form # of packs, cigarettes, or puffs? practical choice of measurement Frequency ratio of count & length of observation Timing duration of behavior ~ Objective Measurement Other useful measures % of task completed groups: # or % of people completing task rating scales: qualitative behaviors Use combination of scales No predetermined scale for a behavior quality of social contacts, not number or vice versa depends on individual’s goals ~ Data Collection Collect & record data graphs checklists Notebooks ABC Diaries, etc. About ABC Antecedents, Behavior, Consequences ~ ABC Diary for Child’s Tantrums Antecedents (A) Behavior (B) Consequences (C) No TV. We tried to comfort him We finally gave him water We turned off TV 22 min He demanded a glass of water at bedtime 24 min After a bedtime story 18 min We left the room Had turned of TV 26 min Sent him to his room Data Collection: Methods Direct observation Indirect observation results of behavior Questionnaires / interviews Goal how is behavior function of antecedents & consequences ~ Evaluation Evaluate all steps functional analysis See convincing behavioral changes? Inspect records/graphs Criteria normalcy health & personal adjustment consumer satisfaction Importance of practical criteria i.e., 50% decline in arson behavior? ~