Transcript Boot Camp
Boot Camp 2/24/04 Sea Biscuit Racing Heart? Intelligent Salivary Glands The role of salivation on digestion Saliva production = automatic, no conscious control or learning – Unconditioned Reflex Consistent within species But, learned from experience in lab to expect food following signals – Conditioned Reflex Extremely variable How it all began… Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = FOOD Unconditioned Response (UCR) = SALIVATION Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = FOOTSTEPS Conditioned Response (CR) = SALIVATION 3 Simple Steps 1. UCS 2. NS + UCS UCR UCR • REPEAT, REPEAT, REPEAT 3. CS CR Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – Reflex-like, non-learned, automatically causes response Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Automatic response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Previously neutral, repeatedly precedes US Conditioned Response (CR) – Transferred: now associated with CS Pavlov ring a bell? 1. Food (UCS) 2. salivation (UCR) Metronome (NS) + Food (UCS) salivation (UCR) REPEAT * 5-20 times 3. Metronome (CS) AND: Vanilla odor + acid Rotating Object + food salivation (UCR) salivation salivation Key Points Can explain a wide range of behavior – Advertising, food aversion, phobias Focuses on reflexive behavior – Not under voluntary control – Any reflex can be conditioned to NS Eye blink—door bell (puff of air into eye) Sexual arousal—strawberries (romantic caresses) HR increases– flashing blue light (sudden noise) Real Life Advertising (sexy images, music, celebs) Phobias, addiction Food Aversions Credit cards, Logos & spending Reflexes & emotions Ranchers – Coyotes & wolves killing sheep – UCS = lithium chloride; UCR = nausea Health & well being? Ader & Cohen (1985) Drug (cyclophosphamide) – Weakened immune system Saccharine H2O + Drug --- W.I.S – Repeated… Saccharine H2O --- W.I.S Chemotherapy (environmental cues– W.I.S) What about enhancing? – Smell of camphor, sherbet & adrenaline… But usually we buy, study, work… We “OPERATE” on the environment to produce an effect Voluntary, complex, goal-directed behaviors Any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is more likely to occur again; those that lead to an “annoying state of affairs” are less likely –Law of Effect Animal problem solving Thorndike’s Puzzle Box Hungry Cats in cage Trap door operated by lever Raw fish outside cage Sniff, scratch, push, dig… bang on lever Repeat… efficiency Thorndike (1911) Just like socialization Through rewards and punishment, parents train kids Learning how to produce desirable outcomes = adaptive Operant Conditioning Skinner Box Stimulus light Response bar/ pecking key – Dry food pellets, water Metal grid for electric shocks Recording instrument Reinforcement (instead of reward/ satisfaction) – Any stimulus that increases likelihood of response Punishment – Any stimulus that decreases likelihood Behaviors considered uniquely human can be learned by lowly creatures like rats and pigeons Not superstition! – Thinking, knowing, reasoning, belief Good luck charms? People presume connexn between behavior & reinforcing consequence Behavior must have been accidentally reinforced – Rolling dice certain way – good roll… 40% college athletes! Pigeons Non-contingent rewards Several days Highly motivated pigeons Do what pigeons do For a few minutes… every 15 seconds = pellets They became “superstitious” “One bird conditioned to turn counter clockwise, making 2-3 turns between reinforcements.” “Another thrust its head into corner of cage” “One developed a tossing response as if placing its head beneath an invisible bar and lifting it repeatedly” “Human bowler who has released a ball, but continues to behave as if he was controlling it by twisting and turning his arm…” – Rationally – no effect, food comes every 15 seconds “The bowler’s effect has no behavior on the ball, but the behavior of the ball has an effect on the bowler” Problem- must wait for behavior to reward… E.g. training dog to roll-over Shaping – Reinforcing behaviors increasingly similar to desired behavior – E.g. making me lecture from corner Extinction – Without reinforcement, behavior fades – (in C.C. repeat CS w/out US) More problems- not enough pellets! Partial Reinforcement – Not EVERY response must be reinforced Coke Machine vs. Slot Machine – If don’t get rewarded… walk away? – Strengthens later resistance to extinction 4 different schedules Vary time of interval 1. Fixed-Interval Schedule – Studying starts slow, increases @ midterms, trails off after, picks up @ finals 2. Variable Interval Schedule – Pop quizzes Vary # responses required 1. Fixed-Ratio – Administer reinforcement after a fixed number of responses Frequent flyer programs, payment based on fixed # products, CD clubs… 2. Variable Ratio – Reinforced after average # of responses Lotteries, radio call-ins, slot machines Punishment Strong, immediate, consistent & inescapable – Suppresses unwanted behaviors 1. 2. 3. 4. BUT Temporary inhibition (smoking) Replacement behavior (jail) “aversive” stimuli = rewarding? Negative emotions lead to retaliation Learning by Doing AND by SEEING Don’t we sometimes learn without direct experience? Think about 1st time danced, drove a car, programmed a VCR – Learn by watching and imitating others – Observational Learning Bandura’s (1960) Bobo Doll Study Expose children to adult models that are aggressive vs. nonaggressive – Will they imitate the aggressive behavior? 36 boys & 36 girls 3-6 yrs old 3 groups – Control, aggressive, non-aggressive All in playroom, adult joins game, highly interesting activities Tinker Toys, Mallet & Bobo Doll Aggressive condition – Laid bobo on side – Sat on it, punched it, struck it w/ mallet, kicked it about room – “sock him in the nose; hit him down, throw him in the air; kick him; Pow!” Test After 10 minutes… Frustrated children New play room with – Tea set, crayons, farm animals, dolls – Dart guns, mallet, Bobo Doll – Physical aggression – Verbal aggression – Non-Imitative aggression Results Instances of imitative physical aggression – 38.2- male – 12.7 females Verbal aggression – Boys -17 times – Girls- 15.7 times Never with nonaggressive models or control Observational Learning is not simple Attention – To behavior and consequences Retention – Memorable, rehearsed Reproduction – Motor ability Motivation – Expectations for reinforcement Good Models Attractive High Status Similar to selves LEARNED behavior Expectations about alcohol as “magic elixir” – Increase social skills – Sexual pleasure – Confidence – Power – Aggression LEARNED early in life: drinking is fun Can we separate the learned beliefs from pharmacological effects? Pretending to be drunk TOLD TONIC ALCOHOL CONTROL EXPECTANCY EFFECTS TRUE PHYSIO EFFECTS EXPECTANCY + PHYSIO TONIC GIVEN ALCOHOL TOLD TONIC TONIC GIVEN ALCOHOL CONTROL ALCOHOL Disinhibition of social behaviors (aggression, sexual arousal) Impairs motor & EXPECTANCY + information PHYSIO processes, improves mood