Transcript Chapter 8 pt. 1: Learning and Classical Conditioning

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Classical conditioning and Pavlov
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI
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Classical conditioning and the office
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http://vimeo.com/5371237
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZfMIHwSkU
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Classical Conditioning and Baby Albert
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http://vimeo.com/17499814
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE
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Operant and Skinner
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
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Operant and Big Bang theory
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http://vimeo.com/18823407
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
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Op. learning and single ladies
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU9MuM4lP18
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Op Learning and Bandura Bobo
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCETgT_Xfzg
Chapter 8 pt. 1: Learning and Classical
Conditioning
How Do We Learn?
Learning is defined as a relatively
permanent change in an organism’s
behavior due to experience (nurture).
Most learning is associative learning:
learning that certain events occur
together.
There are 3 main types of Learning:
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
3. Observational Learning
All Living Animals Learn Through
Association
Behaviorism focuses on Learning
 John Watson is generally considered the
father of behaviorism.
 Behaviorism focused on:
1.
2.
Making psychology an objective science
Studying behavior without reference to mental
processes (early behaviorists like Watson will
ignore cognition but most recognize its
importance today.)
John Watson: the Father of
Behaviorism
 Focused on
external
behavior
 Believed
Nurture was
more
important
than nature.
Give me a dozen
healthy infants, wellformed, and my own
specified world to
bring them up in and
I'll guarantee to take
any one at random
and train him to
become any type of
specialist I might
select – doctor,
lawyer, artist,
merchant-chief and,
yes, even beggarman and thief….
Type of Learning 1: Classical Conditioning
(Pavlovian Conditioning)
 Terms you must understand:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unconditioned means it is unlearned and comes
naturally. Ex: salivating when presented with food.
Conditioned means it is learned and the response
does not come naturally. Ex: getting up when school
bell rings.
Response: is a behavior done in response to the
stimulus, like salivating.
Stimulus: external thing that may cause a behavior
like a bell or food.
Father of Classical Conditioning is
Ivan Pavlov
 Russian physician/
neurophysiologist
 Was studying digestive enzymes
in dogs when he accidentally
realized the importance of
associative learning which
would consume his research for
rest of his life.
Classical Conditioning
(Pavlovian Conditioning)
Classical Conditioning is a type of
learning in which an organism comes
to associate stimuli. Ex: tone and
food.
Begins with a reflex which is
unconditioned (unlearned)
A Neutral Stimulus is paired with a
stimulus that evokes the reflex.
Eventually the neutral stimulus alone
will come to evoke the reflex.
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Dog in Pavlov’s Apparatus

Pavlov took an untrained dog
in a harness. Pavlov sounded a
tone at certain intervals and
every time the tone sounded
he gave the dog food. The dog
salivated when given the food.
After several intervals, Pavlov
would sound the tone and the
dog would salivate even
before the food was given to
him.
BEFORE CONDITIONING
During Conditioning
After Conditioning
The process leading up to this is known as
acquisition
Components of Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically
and naturally- triggers a response
Food in mouth
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
 unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the
unconditioned stimulus
salivation when food is in the mouth
Components of Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
previously neutral stimulus that, after
association with an unconditioned stimulus,
comes to trigger a conditioned response
Tone
Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral
conditioned stimulus
Salivating to the tone
An experimenter sounds a
tone just before delivering an
air puff to your eye. After
several repetitions, you blink
to the tone alone.
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Other Terms Pavlov Used To Describe
Process of Conditioning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Acquisition and Extinction
Acquisition: the initial stage of
learning, during which a response is
established and gradually
strengthened.
When a neutral stimulus causes a
conditioned response.
Tone = Salivation
Extinction: the diminishing of a
conditioned response. When bell no
longer makes dog salivate.
Spontaneous Recovery
Spontaneous Recovery refers to
the reappearance, after a rest
period, of an extinguished
conditioned response.
Generalization vs. Discrimination
Generalization: tendency for a stimuli
similar to CS to evoke similar
responses. Ex: doesn’t have to be
same tone to make dog’s
salivate…they generalize.
Discrimination: the ability to
distinguish between a CS and other
stimuli that do not signal an UCS.
 Ex: dogs wouldn’t salivate to a
whistle since it was too different from
the tone.
Effectiveness of Proper Conditioning
Conditioning works best when a
Conditioned Stimulus is presented
before a Unconditioned Stimulus
which is called forward conditioning
Why do you think backwards
conditioning (when Unconditioned
stimulus is presented before
conditioned stimulus) is usually
ineffective?
Other Examples of Classical
Conditioning
 John Watson conducted the Little
Albert study in 1920 in which he
attempted to modify the behavior of
a 9 month old infant. Started with
white rat which infant originally did
not fear.
 After experiment, Little Albert feared
white rats, rabbits, Santa Claus,
cotton wool, etc.
 Generalization:
Other Examples of Classical
Conditioning
UCS
(passionate
kiss)
CS
(onion
breath)
CS
(onion
breath)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
UCS
(passionate
Kiss)
CR
(sexual
arousal)
UCR
(sexual
arousal)
Other Examples of Classical
Conditioning: Nausea in Cancer
Patients
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
CR
(nausea)
Criticism of Old School Behaviorists:
They Ignore Cognition
Studies proved that subjects attitudes did matter
when attempting to create conditioned responses
in them.
Ex: ½ told that being conditioned was wise,
sensible, and intelligent while other half was
told the reverse….positive instructions assisted
conditioning while negative instructions
undermined the process
Drugs
Criticism of Old School Behaviorists:
They Ignore Biological Predispositions
Watson and Pavlov believed any animal
(including humans) could be conditioned
where ANY neutral stimulus paired with a
unconditioned stimulus could easily produce
a conditioned response.
Proved wrong by taste aversion studies
Biology influences learning
Conditioning occurs easier with some
stimuli than others
The response does not have to follow the
stimuli immediately
The biological
predispositions of each
species dispose it to learn
the particular associations
that enhance its survival
Garcia’s Taste Aversion Studies
Set up experiment with rats. Exposed
them to sights, sounds, and tastes (CS)
and later also gave them radiation or
drugs that led to nausea and vomiting
(UCR).
Even if sickened hours later, rats
avoided the particular flavor of water
but did NOT develop aversions to the
sights or sounds.
Taste Aversion became known as the
“Garcia Effect.”
Importance of Taste Aversion Studies
1.)
Violated behaviorists principle that
any stimulus could serve as a CS.
Flowers
2.) Shows that nature prepares the
members of each species to learn
those things crucial to their survival.
3.) Are exceptions to classical
conditioning rules: UCS does not
always have to follow CS immediately.
Some Real World Applications of
Classical Conditioning
1. Crack cocaine users feel craving when
they encounter cues associated with highs
(people, places, etc). So drug and rehab
counselors advise them to steer clear of these
places and people…make new friends, move.
2. Alcohol with drug that induces vomiting cut
down drinking.
Classical conditioning is especially
useful for understanding which one of
the following examples of learning?
1.A dog that has learned to “sit” for a
food reward
2.A psych student who is learning how
memory works
3.A child who, after a painful dental visit,
has developed a fear of the dentist
4.An executive who is afraid that she will
lose her job
The responses in classical
conditioning were
originally
1.Innate reflexes
2.New behaviors
3.Premeditated behaviors
4.Random acts
– If you learned to fear electrical
outlets after getting a painful
shock, what would be the CS?
1.The electrical outlet
2.The painful shock
3.The fear
4.The time period between seeing
the outlet and getting the shock
Which of the following would
be most likely to be an
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
involved in classical
conditioning?
1.Food
2.A flashing light
3.Music
4.Money