Transcript Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod

Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
Module 24
Therapies
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Definition of Psychotherapy
– three basic characteristics
1. verbal interaction between therapist and client
2. development of a supportive relationship in which
a client can bring up and discuss traumatic or
bothersome experiences that may have led to
current problems
3. analysis of the client’s experiences and/or
suggested ways for the client to deal with or
overcome his or her problems
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (CONT.)
• Early Treatments
– 1400 to 1700, people who today would be
diagnosed as schizophrenics were considered
insane and called lunatics
– late 100s, Dr. Benjamin Rush, (considered the
father of American Psychiatry), developed the
“tranquilizing chair”
– believed that mental disorders were caused by
too much blood to the brain
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (CONT.)
• Reform movement
– Moral therapy, popular in the early 1800s
• belief that mental patients could be helped to
function better by providing humane treatment in a
relaxed and decent environment
• late 1800s, moral therapy was abandoned
• 1930s, Sigmund Freud had developed
psychoanalysis
• early 1950s, wretched conditions and inhumane
treatment of patients persisted
• mid 1950s, two dramatic changes happened:
discovery of antipsychotic drugs, and development
of community mental health centers
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (CONT.)
• Phenothiazines and deinstitutionalization
– Phenothiazines
• discovered in the early 1950s, block or reduce
the effects of the neurotransmitter dopamine
and reduce schizophrenic symptoms, such as
delusions and hallucinations
• chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
– Deinstitutionalization
• refers to the release of mental patients from
mental hospitals and their return to the
community to develop more independent and
fulfilling lives
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (CONT.)
• Community mental health centers
– offer low-cost or free mental health care to
members of the surrounding community,
especially the underprivileged
– provide briefer forms of therapy that are needed
in emergencies and focus on the early detection
and prevention of psychological problems
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
QUESTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOTHERAPY
• Are there different kinds of therapists?
– Psychiatrists
• go to medical school, receive an M.D. degree, and
then take a psychiatric residency, which involves
additional training in pharmacology, neurology,
psychopathology, and psychotherapeutic
techniques
– Clinical psychologists
• go to graduate school in clinical psychology and
earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.)
– Counseling psychologists
• go to graduate school in psychology or education
and earn a doctorate degree (Ph.D., Psy.D., or
ed.D)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
QUESTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CONT.)
• Are there different approaches?
– Insight therapy
• therapist and client talk about the client’s
symptoms and problems with the goal of
reaching or identifying the cause of the
problem
– Cognitive-behavior therapy
• involves the application of principles of
learning
• therapist focuses on the client’s problem,
identifies specific thoughts and behaviors that
need to be changed and provides techniques
based on learning principles to make desired
changes
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
QUESTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOTHERAPY (CONT.)
• Are there different approaches?
– Eclectic approach
• involves combining and using techniques and
ideas from many different therapeutic
approaches
– Medical therapy
• involves the use of various psychoactive drugs
to treat mental disorders by changing
biological factors, such as the levels of
neurotransmitters
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES
• Psychoanalysis
– focuses on the idea that each of us has an
unconscious part that contains ideas, memories,
desires, or thoughts, that have been hidden or
repressed because they are psychologically
dangerous or threatening to our self-concept
• Unconscious conflicts
– chief reason for the development of psychological
problems (paranoia) and physical symptoms (loss
of feeling in a hand)
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Psychoanalysis
– Three techniques
• free association, dream interpretation,
and analysis of slips of the tongue
– Transfer
• patient reacts to the therapist as a
substitute parent, lover, sibling, or friend
and projects strong emotions onto the
therapist
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Techniques to reveal the unconscious
– Neuroses
• maladaptive thoughts and actions that arise
from some unconscious thought or conflict and
indicate feelings of anxiety
– Free association
• technique that encourages clients to talk about
any thoughts or images that enter their heads
• assumption is that this kind of free-flowing,
uncensored talking will provide clues to
unconscious material
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Techniques to reveal the unconscious
– Dream interpretation
• psychoanalytic technique based on the
assumption that dreams contain underlying,
hidden meanings and symbols that provide
clues to unconscious thoughts and desires
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Problems during therapy
– Transference
• process by which a client expresses strong emotions
toward the therapist because the therapist substitutes
for someone important in the client’s life, such as the
client’s mother or father
– Resistance
• characterized by the client’s reluctance to work through
or deal with feelings or to recognize unconscious
conflicts and repressed thoughts
– Short-term dynamic psychotherapy
• emphasizes a limited time for treatment (3-20 sessions)
and focuses on limited goals, such as solving a
relatively well-defined problem
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Client-centered therapy
– also called person-centered therapy
– assumes that each person has an actualizing tendency,
which is a tendency to develop one’s full potential
• Therapist’s traits:
– Empathy
• ability to understand what the client is saying and
feeling
– Positive regard
• ability to communicate caring, respect, and regard
for the client
– Genuineness
• ability to be real and nondefensive in interactions
with the client
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
INSIGHT THERAPIES (CONT.)
• Cognitive therapy
– developed by Aaron Beck
– assumes that we have automatic negative
thoughts that we typically say to ourselves without
much notice
– repeating these automatic negative thoughts
causes distortion in how we perceive and
interpret our world and influences how we behave
and feel
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
• Definition
– Also called behavior modification
• uses the principles of classical and operant
conditioning to change disruptive behaviors
and improve human functioning
• focuses on changing particular behaviors
rather than the underlying mental events or
possible unconscious factors
– Systematic desensitization
• technique of behavior therapy in which the
client is gradually exposed to the feared object
while simultaneously practicing relaxation
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
Module 24: Therapies
BEHAVIOR THERAPY (CONT.)
• Cognitive-behavior therapy
– combines the cognitive therapy technique of
changing negative, unhealthy, or distorted
thought patterns, with behavior therapy
– technique of changing maladaptive or disruptive
behaviors by learning and practicing new skills, to
improve functioning