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DO NOW You get in a car accident and find you are afraid to get in a car. • • • • UCS? Car accident UCR? Fear CS? Presence of car CR? Fear You go to a fancy restaurant and decide to try an appetizer you’ve never tried before – escargot. After dinner, you go to a concert and get violently ill (from a stomach virus that’s been going around). From then on, you can’t even look at snails without feeling sick. • • • • UCS? UCR? CS? CR? Stomach virus Feeling sick Sight of snails Feeling sick You are cruising on the highway at 75 mph when you see flashing police lights behind you. You pull over and the policeman gives you a ticket. You get in insane amounts of trouble from your parents. The next time you see flashing police lights, your heart rate speeds up. • UCS? Getting in trouble from parents • UCR? Increased heart rate • CS? Flashing lights • CR? Increased heart rate Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning • Pavlov paired a neutral stimulus (a bell) with a meat powder (which made the dog salivate). • Eventually, dog salivates to bell alone https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo7jcI8fAuI Behavioralism (Behaviorist Approach) Psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of learning and experience in determining behavior. A strict behavioralist believes that babies are tabula rasa (blank slates) and the study of psychology should focus purely on observable behaviors and not unobservable thoughts or feelings. John Watson • • • • • • Famous behavioralist Experiment on Little Albert Little Albert – 11 month old orphan Showed him a white rat. No fear. Made a loud noise. Albert cried. Showed him a white rat and made a loud noise. Albert cried. Repeated several times. • Eventually Albert cried at white rat alone. Identify the parts Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Loud noise Unconditioned Response (UCR) Fear/crying Conditioned Stimulus (CS) White rat Conditioned Response (CR) Fear/crying Watson on childcare “ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (1930) Definitions • Acquisition – initial learning of the stimulus-response relationship (learning that bell means meat powder) • Extinction – diminished response to the conditioned stimulus when it is no longer coupled with UCS. (stop giving meat powder with bell and dog will stop salivating to bell) • Spontaneous recovery – reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest. • Generalization – the tendency to respond to any stimuli similar to the CS (Dog salivates to other noises) • Discrimination – the ability to distinguish between the CS and similar stimuli (Dog only salivates to specific tone) Application to Little Albert • If Little Albert generalized, what would we expect to happen? – He might cry at the sight of similar objects (he did – rabbit, dog, sealskin coat, some rumors – Santa’s beard) • How could we teach Little Albert to discriminate? – Continually expose him to stimuli similar to the rat, but only make the loud noise when exposing him to the rat • How could Little Albert’s conditioning be extinguished? – Continually expose him to a white rat without making the loud noise (unfortunately, this was never done because Little Albert was adopted soon after the original experiments (he would be 83 now if he is still alive – probably scared of rats!) • If Little Albert is still alive, his fear of white rats is likely to have been extinguished (no loud noise when he sees a rat). However, occasionally, when he sees a rat, he may find that his heart races for a second or two. What is this called? – Spontaneous recovery A friend has learned to associate the needle of a syringe to a fearful reaction because of the painful experience she had getting a shot. In this example, what is the: – – – – UCS? UCR? CS? CR? Pain from the shot Fear Sight of the needle Fear Using the example in question 7, give an example of how each of the following may occur: • Extinction: if the pain does not result when the needle is used, the CS (fear) will diminish. • Spontaneous recovery: the child returns for a visit the next year and the sight of the needle elicits fear again. • Generalization: the child becomes fearful of the sight of anything sharp • Discrimination: the child learns that only the metal needle is associated with pain and not a rubber needle.