Transcript Week 2 - humandevelopment531

Week 2- Human Development
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Review Theoretical Perspectives
Organize notebook
Last weeks journal responses
Heredity & Environment
Genotypes & Phenotypes
Taking Sides: Prenatal Development
and Infancy
Homework
Contextual Perspective
Definition: Children develop according to their interaction with their particular
environment.
Theory 1: Sociocultural
Theory 2: Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
Roots are in Vygotsky’s theories. Social
interaction is a critical force in development and
eventually the child will learn to function
intellectually on his/her own. Culture plays a huge
role in development.
Development involves the interaction of a changing
child with its changing surroundings and relationships.
Theory 3: Life Span Perspective
Incorporates historical factors that may influence
psychological development. AKA age cohort effect.
Group of individuals that were born in the same year
or general time period. As the cohort develops, they
share the same historical experiences.
Ex. Kennedy assassination, 9/11
Dynamic Systems Perspective [refer to Table 1-2(pg. 13) for theories]
Definition: Development occurs through the interaction of systems (biological,
psychosocial, environmental) and therefore can change due to its environment.
Theory 1: Complexity
Theory 2: Wholeness and Organization
Each part of system is unique but related
to other systems and parts.
Ex. Family with cousins, in-laws,
marriages, etc.
Systems are organized and are more than the
sum of its parts. Ex. How families interact
as a unit and individually.
Theory 3: Identity and Stabilization
Theory 4: Morphogenesis
Systems change but the identity remains
the same.
Ex. Some family members join the
family others pass away, but the family
stays stable by building relationships.
Systems grows and adapts to external and
internal changes.
Ex. Marriage, college, divorce
Theory 5: Equifinality
Although genetic and environmental
influences may be different for all,
individuals still reach the same
developmental milestones.
Ex. Potty training, learning to walk, etc.
Ethological and Evolutionary Perspective
Definition: Biological nature and needs influence a child’s cognition and
behavior.
Theory 1: Ethological Theory- developed by
biologists.
Development is series specific (i.e. humans). We
have adaptive and survival instincts. We exhibit
biological behaviors yet they are not mutually
exclusive. Our behavior may be influenced by
environmental experiences. Scientists view
behaviors which are consistent cross-culturally. Ex.
Smiling, crying, etc.
Theory 2: Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
Cognition can be influenced by our surrounding
experiences (i.e. growing up in a city vs. an island)
and the interactions we have with other people. What
are people’s intentions? Having the ability to discern
that answer.
Learning Perspectives
Definition: Learning takes place through experiences, imitation and stimulus and
responses.
Theory 1: Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner)
Theory 2: Cognitive Social Learning Theory (Albert
Bandura)
Children learn by observation and imitation in
addition to classical and operant conditioning.
Emphasizes the experiential side of learning and is
considered gradual and continuous. Principles of
learning stay the same through all ages.
Classical conditioning- two stimuli are repeatedly
Children do not blindly imitate behaviors; rather they
presented together. Then the child learns to have
select specific behaviors to imitate which is related to
the same reaction to both of them individually.
how they process information.
Ex. Fear of noise= fear of furry animals-bang a
Attend to a model’s behavior
pot and show a rat.
Retain the observed behaviors to memory
Operant conditioning-learning that relies on
Must have the capacity (physically and intellectually)
positive rewards and negative consequences for
to reproduce the observed behavior.
exhibited behavior. Ex. Time-outs and praise
Child must be motivated to reproduce the behavior.
Theory 3: Information-Processing Approaches
Similar to computers in that there is an input in the
form of a stimuli and then there is an
output(response) in the form of an action, decision,
memory.
Structural – Organismic Perspective
Definition: All human beings go through structured stages during development.
Each stage must be passed through to reach full development.
Theory 1: Psychodynamic Theory (Freud)
Experiences from early childhood affect who you
are today.
Id- instinctual drives
Ego- rational and socially appropriate behaviors
Superego- development of a conscience through
exposure to parental/societal morals and values.
Stage 1- Oral (infant) 0-1
Stage 2- Anal (early childhood) 1-3
Stage 3- Phallic (play age) 3-6
Stage 4- Latency (school age) 6-12
Stage 5- Genital (adolescence- maturity) 12-65+
Theory 2: Piagetian Theory (Jean Piaget)
Used two basic theories of biology and biological
change (organization and adaptation).
Organization-child’s view of the world changes in an
organized manner as it develops.
Adaptation- Human mind changes as it experiences the
world around themselves.
4 stages of cognitive development:
Stage 1- Sensorimotor(0-2)- child learns about himself
and his environment through motor and reflex actions.
Object permanence. Modify behavior by the senses:
frown, a stern or soothing voice
Stage 2- Preoperational(talking-7)- child begins to use
symbols to represent objects. Also personifies objects.
He is now better able to think about things and events
that aren't immediately present. Oriented to the present,
the child has difficulty conceptualizing time. Very selfcentered. Touch is key to learning.
Stage 3-Concrete(1st grade-early adolescence)- child
develops an ability to think abstractly and to make
rational judgments. Allow for questions and repetition of
information back to you.
Stage 4-Formal Operations(adolescence)- capable of
hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Teachingadolescent can consider many possibilities from several
perspectives.
Title
Date
Page
Number
Human Development Cover Page
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Activity Sheet 1-B Thinking about Themes in
Child Psychology
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PowerPoint slides 1-5
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PowerPoint slides 11-12
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PowerPoint slides 7-9
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Graphic Organizers
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PowerPoint slide 13
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Activity Sheet 1-C Age Cohorts
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PowerPoint slide 15-19
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Journal Response – Catastrophic Events
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Heredity vs. Environment pg. 11
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Welcome to Discovery Education Player
Discussion Questions:
1.
Is there biological evidence to show that personality traits are
hereditary? Ex. shyness
Why do children that have the same parents and same
environmental influences have different personalities?
Do you feel that heredity or environment influences personality
traits? Does age play a role?
Can human characteristics that have a genetic basis be modified
by intervention?
Do you think that such interventions might lead to a societal view
that some characteristics are more acceptable than others?
Explain.
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Genotypes & Phenotypes pg. 13
• Genotype: describes the actual set
(complement) of genes carried by an
organism. Ex: genetic code for brown eyes.
• Phenotype: refers to the observable
expression of characters and traits coded
for by those genes. Ex: Seeing brown eyes.
Handout 2-B: The Interaction of Heredity &
Environment pg. 12
Answer the following questions about the ways in which genotypes and
phenotypes have influenced your decisions.
1. Give an example from your own life of a way in which a physical
genotype has influenced your decisions (e.g., a tall male decides to
pursue basketball rather than gymnastics).
2. How did the environment hinder or help in this decision? (Think of
people, events, and activities that might have played a role).
3. Give an example from your own life of a way in which a
temperamental genotype has influenced your decisions (e.g., a shy
female decides to spend time on computers rather than on
cheerleading).
4. How did the environment hinder or help in this decision?
Journal Response pg. 14
"Give me the child until he is seven and I will give
you the man,"
-Jesuit quote
• How do people change over the years?
• Can the adult already be found in the child of
seven?
• What account would you give that child, of the
life you have lived since?
• Do you agree with the Jesuit maxim that the
documentary is based upon?
Homework
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Journal Response
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Chapters 4 and 5 Multiple Choice Questions:
Directions:
1. Click on link below.
On-line Quiz site
2.
Click on student edition
3.
Choose assigned chapter.
4.
Click on multiple choice quiz and take the quiz.
5.
Click on submit answers. You may take the quiz as many times as
you like before emailing me the results.
6.
Once you are satisfied with your results, type your name (first and
last) in the “my name” section and then type in my email address
([email protected]) in the “my instructor” section.
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Then click “email the results.” Due by Tuesday.