Transcript Operant Conditioning

DO NOW
Pre-assessment
1.
What is another word that means the same thing as negative
reinforcement?
2.
When negative reinforcement is supplied, it usually results in:
a. Weakening a behavior that you want weakened.
b. Strengthening a behavior that you want strengthened.
3. Do people usually look forward to negative reinforcement?
a. Yes
b. No
4. Will you regularly (consciously) use positive reinforcement in the future?
a. Yes
b. No
5. Will you regularly (consciously) use negative reinforcement in the
future?
a. Yes
b. No
Lesson 6.3
Operant Conditioning
• A type of learning in which behavior is
strengthened if followed by reinforcement
or diminished if followed by punishment.
REINFORCEMENT
PUNISHMENT
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
REINFORCEMENT
(increase behavior)
PUNISHMENT
(decrease behavior)
POSITIVE
(adding something to the
situation)
NEGATIVE
(removing something
from the situation)
(+)
(-)
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE
PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT
Reinforcer
• Any event that STRENGTHENS the
behavior it follows.
Two Types of Reinforcement:
Positive and Negative
Positive Reinforcement
• STRENGTHENS a behavior by ADDING a
stimulus after a response
• INCREASING the behavior of doing
chores by ADDING money
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
• STRENGTHENS a behavior by
REMOVING an aversive stimulus.
• INCREASING the behavior of smoking by
REMOVING the anxiety
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
• An event that
DECREASES the
behavior that it follows.
Positive Punishment
• DECREASES a behavior by ADDING a
stimulus after a response.
• DECREASING the behavior of
misbehaving by ADDING a spanking
Negative Punishment
• DECREASES a behavior by REMOVING
an aversive stimulus.
• DECREASING the behavior
of texting by REMOVING
the cell phone
Limitations of Punishment
• Punishment often only produces temporary suppression
• Punishment produces undesirable emotional side effects
• Children who are
physically punished learn
to model or imitate
aggressive acts and often
become more aggressive
in their interactions with
others
• Punishment NEVER teaches
a new behavior
Making Punishment more Effective
• Apply punishment immediately
• Apply punishment consistently
• Apply punishment
moderately
• Avoid withholding
love
• Countercondition
(reinforce
alternative positive
behaviors)
DO NOW – Classical or Operant?
• A band begins its tour featuring many new,
unreleased songs, all of which draw
silence from the people at their concerts.
The same people cheer wildly when the
band plays any of its old hits. Gradually,
the band reduces the number of new
songs it plays and starts playing more of
the old ones.
(If classical, identify UCS/UCR/CS/CR)
(If operant, indicate which type)
YESTERDAY’S HW - ANSWERS
1. Positive Punishment
9. Negative Reinforcement
2. Positive Reinforcement
10. Positive Punishment
3. Negative Reinforcement
11. Positive Reinforcement
4. Positive Reinforcement
12. Positive Reinforcement\
5. Negative Reinforcement
13. Positive Reinforcement
6. Positive Punishment
14. Negative Punishment
7. Negative Reinforcement
15. Positive Reinforcement
8. Positive Reinforcement
16. Positive Reinforcement
OPERANT
CONDITIONING
REINFORCEMENT
(increase behavior)
PUNISHMENT
(decrease behavior)
POSITIVE
(adding something to the
situation)
NEGATIVE
(removing something
from the situation)
(+)
(-)
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE
PUNISHMENT
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT
Operant Conditioning on Pigeons
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDntb
GRPeEU
Edward Thorndike - 1905
• Law of Effect:
behavior followed by
favorable consequences
becomes more likely;
behaviors followed by
unfavorable
consequences become
less likely
• basis of Operant Conditioning
Thorndike’s
Cat Puzzle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8
B. F. Skinner - 1948
Skinner Box – a
chamber containing a
bar that an animal can
manipulate to obtain a
food or water reinforcer
Operant Conditioning Chamber
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M
OgowRy2WC0
Observational Learning
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7d4gm
dl3zNQ
What is Observational Learning?
Modeling: Learning by observing and imitating the
behavior of others
Albert Bandura – 1961
• Demonstrated power of
observational learning
• Bobo Doll Study
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdo
vKHDNU
Observational Learning
(Modeling)
• Prosocial Behavior – positive,
constructive, and helpful behavior
• Antisocial Behavior – negative,
destructive, and hurtful behavior