Transcript Respondent Conditioning

Procedures Based on
Principles of Respondent
Conditioning
Chapter 14
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respondent Conditioning
• Deals with behaviors that are elicited
automatically by some stimulus
– Doesn’t produce a new behavior
– Causes an existing behavior to occur
– Involves reflexive behavior
– New stimulus-response connection is learned
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Definitions
• Operant Conditioning
– Modification of behavior by its consequences
– Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the
environment and can be modified by its
consequences
• Respondent Conditioning
– Also called Pavlovian Conditioning
– Producing new stimulus-response connections
by pairing two stimuli
– Respondent Behavior: behavior that is elicited
by specific stimuli and can be conditioned to new
stimuli through a stimulus pairing process
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Terminology
 Unconditioned Stimulus (US):
– Natural stimulus producing response
 Unconditioned Response (UR):
– Unlearned response
 Conditioned Stimulus (CS):
– Originally neutral, now elicits reflexive response
 Conditioned Response (CR):
– Learned reflexive response to conditioned
stimulus
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principle of Respondent
Conditioning
• A neutral stimulus followed closely in
time by a US, which elicits a UR, will then
also tend to elicit the same response
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principle of Respondent
Conditioning
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Factors Influencing
Respondent Conditioning
1.
2.
The greater the number of pairings of a CS with a US, the
greater the ability of the CS to elicit the CR
Stronger conditioning occurs if the CS precedes the US by
about half a second, rather than by a longer time, or rather
than following the US
–
3.
4.
5.
Conditioned taste aversion – exception to the rule
A CS acquires greater ability to elicit a CR if the CS is
always paired with a given US than if it is only occasionally
paired with the US
When several neutral stimuli precede a US, the stimulus
that is most consistently associated with the US is the one
most likely to become a strong CS
Respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and
strongly when the CS or US or both are intense rather than
weak
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Higher Order Conditioning
• 1st order
– Pair NS and US to produce UR
– CS will produce CR
– EX: Pair bell and food to produce salivation; bell
will produce salivation after conditioning
• 2nd order
– Pair new NS and CS to produce CR
– Produces a new CS, which elicits the CR
– EX: Pair light with bell to produce salivation;
light will produce salivation after conditioning
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Higher Order Conditioning
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respondent Stimulus
Generalization and
Discrimination
• Stimulus generalization
– Stimuli similar to CS tend to elicit CR
• Stimulus discrimination
– Stimuli different from CS tend to elicit CR
• The more similar a stimulus is to the CS, the more
it will tend to elicit the CR (stimulus
generalization); the more different it is, the more it
will tend not to elicit the CR (stimulus
discrimination)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respondent Extinction
• Presenting a CS while withholding the US
• CS will gradually lose its capability of
eliciting the CR
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Counterconditioning
• Condition a new response to CS at the
same time as the former CR is being
extinguished
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Common Respondently
Conditioned Responses
• Reflexive responses can be conditioned to previously
neutral stimuli
• Biologically adaptive
–
–
–
–
Digestive System – salivation, secretion of gastric juices
Circulatory System – increased heart rate, blood flow
Respiratory System – coughing, sneezing, asthma attacks
Other Systems – urinary, reproductive systems
• Biological Preparedness – predisposition of members
of a species to be more readily conditioned to some
stimuli as CSs than to others
– EX: Taste aversion – conditioned reflex of digestive
system
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Respondent and Operant
Conditioning Compared
• Responses
– Respondent behaviors tend to be reflexive
– Operant behaviors tend to be voluntary
• Reinforcers
– Respondent conditioning pairs NS with US before the response
– Operant conditioning presents reinforcement after the response
• Extinction
– Respondent conditioning – presentation of CS without US
– Operant conditioning – withholding the reinforcer following a
previously reinforced response
• CSs and SDs
– Both produce responses that have been conditioned to them
– Conditioning procedures differ
– Different terminology is used
• CSs elicit the response conditioned to them
• SDs evoke the responses to them has become CS for waking up
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Applications of Respondent
Conditioning
• Aversion Therapy
– Repeated pairing of a troublesome reinforcer with an aversive
event
– Rationale is counterconditioning
• Treatment of Chronic Constipation
– Presenting a mild, non-painful electric current prior to
defecating
• Defecation initially elicited by laxative, but drug gradually decreased
• Apply current at the same time each day, so that eventually removing
the current and natural environment will still elicit defecation response
• Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis (Bed-Wetting)
– Bell-pad treatment
• Bell connected to pad under the bottom sheet
• Bell sounds (US) and awakens (UR) as soon as the first drop of urine
makes contact with the pad
• Eventually child will wake up before urinating
– Stimulus of pressure of bladder
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.