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psychological disorders
• psychological dysfunction
• causes distress or impairment
• atypical or culturally unexpected
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
• diagnostic criteria (USA)
• APA
• next edition as soon as 2012
clinical professions
counseling psychologist (Ph.D.)
clinical psychologist (Psy.D. or Ph.D.)
psychiatrist (M.D. + residency)
marriage family therapist (Masters MFT)
social worker (Masters SW + LCSW)
research or teaching
professions
research scientist A.K.A. “professor” (Ph.D.)
professor (MA or Ph.D.)
terms to know
diagnostic criteria
etiology
prevalence
sex ratio
age of onset
acute vs. insidious onset
course (time-limited, episodic, chronic)
prognosis
history
ancient cultures
egyptians, chinese, hebrews
• attributed abnormal behavior to the
supernatural (e.g. evil spirits)
• treated with rituals or potions
roman empire
(400 B.C. Hippocrates & 100 A.D. Galen)
• brain is source of consciousness,
intelligence, & emotion
• mental disorders could be treated
like any other physical disease
• Humoral Theory of Disorders
middle ages
(500 – 1350 A.D. Middle Ages)
• fall of Rome led to power of clergy
•limited education & rejected scientific
investigation
• attributed deviant behavior to Satan or
possessed by demons
• treat w/ exorcism or make body
uninhabitable (ice water, shock, etc.)
renaissance
(1400s - 1700s)
• towns became large cities & led to
power of government
• like body, mind can become sick
• monasteries & hospitals converted into
asylums but were prison-like:
overcrowded, filthy, dark, cold, patients were
chained to cell, whipped, fed spoiled food
moral therapy reform
(1800 - 1850)
• abolished restraints & seclusion of asylums
• encouraged normal social behavior
• intellectual stimulation
• < 200 patients/institution (individual attn)
fall of moral therapy
(1850)
• Dix’s Mental Hygiene Movement diverted
insane from prisons to asylums (overcrowding)
• prejudice against immigrants
• few donations = $ shortage
• bio causes = incurable brain pathology
deinstitutionalization
(1950)
invention of psychotropic medication
600,000
(1955)
65,000
(today)
psychological perspectives
of mental disorders
(not biological perspective)
psychoanalytic theory
(Freud)
When colleague hypnotized patients:
- they gave details inaccessible afterwards
- discussion of emotional details about conflicts
& fears “cured” the symptom
an unconscious mind exists that produces deviant
behavior when it struggles with conflicts & drives.
revealing these conflicts is cathartic.
psychoanalytic theory
(structure of personality)
ego
(defense mechanisms)
id
superego
defense mechanisms
Repression
Denial
Rationalization
Displacement
Regression
Projection
Reaction formation
Sublimation
psychosexual stages of development
ORAL
0 – 1 yr
ANAL
1 – 3 yr
PHALLIC
3 – 6 yr
conflicts of overstimulation
or over restriction of
erogenous zones = fixation
castration anxiety
penis envy
Oedipus/Elektra complex
LATENCY
6 - puberty
repression of impulses
GENITAL
puberty
displacement of impulses
psychoanalytic theory
(psychoanalysis as treatment)
psychoanalysis
• catharsis of conflicts & drives
(free association & dream analysis)
• transference
• resistance
behaviorism
Behavior is __________
The environment shapes you.
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
behaviorism
classical conditioning
involuntary behavior (reflexes)
UCS
UCS +
neutral
stimulus
CS
UCR
UCR
CR
Includes emotional conditioning.
classical conditioning
(behavioral therapy as treatment)
Mary Cover Jones (1920s)
If fear is learned, it can be unlearned.
Joseph Wolpe (1940s)
behavioral therapy
systematic desensitization
behaviorism
operant conditioning
voluntary behavior
REINFORCEMENT
increases behavior
Also learn by “modeling”.
PUNISHMENT
decreases behavior
cognitive theory
(thought process)
• ways one thinks, remembers, & anticipates
• if faulty, distorts reality & misinterprets events
Aaron Beck & Albert Ellis (1960s)
how you interpret events =>
emotional
reaction
cognitive theory
(cognitive therapy)
• recognize biased interpretations & illogical
thinking
• challenge those ways of thinking
• have client try new interpretations to life
events
extremely effective for depression, panic, phobias