Transcript The English Reformation_ Counter

The English Reformation,
Counter Reformation,
Portuguese and Spanish Empires
Created by David Silverman
The English Reformation

The English Reformation was a political act rather than a religious one

Henry VIII was a powerful English monarch who supported the Catholic Church
and criticized Martin Luther when he wrote, “The Defense of the Seven
Sacraments”
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Henry did not agree with salvation through faith alone, and he fully supported the
priests

The “Kings Great Matter” involved Henry’s attempt to end his marriage to his
Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon

He wanted a male heir and he blamed his wife for not being able to produce one
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The Catholic Church did not recognize divorce, and the woman he fell in love with (Anne
Boleyn) would not sleep with him unless he made her is queen
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The church did not want to grant the annulment because Catherine was the aunt of Charles V

Henry responded by starting the Reformation Parliament, which was
intended to grant him ultimate authority on religious matters
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Henry bribed Anne Boleyn into joining him in bed and got her pregnant
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Henry wanted all aspects of Catholicism to remain the same, without
acknowledging the pope
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She secretly married Henry, although he was still married to Catherine at the time
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He only had 8 months to end his marriage to Catherine if his child was to be considered
legitimate
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Parliament enacted the Act in Restraint of Appeals, which said all spiritual matters within the
kingdom were under the kings jurisdiction and not the pope’s
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Henry and Anne had a baby girl named Elizabeth Tudor
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Within a month Henry appeared before the English church tribunal (headed by the man he
personally selected) which declared his marriage to Catherine null and void, and that Anne
Boleyn was his lawfully wedded wife
Henry would marry 6 times before having the son (Edward) he so desperately wanted (with Jane
Seymour)
The English Reformation was followed by the Act of Supremacy in 1534 which
acknowledged the King of England as the Supreme head of the Church of England
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Henry also closed all English monasteries and confiscated their lands

His son Edward VI tried to integrate Protestant theology into the church
during his brief reign (1547-1553)

During Mary Tudor’s reign (1553-1558), she tried to integrate England back
into the Catholic Church

Mary was the daughter of Catherine of Aragon and wife of Phillip II of Spain

While ties were formally restored between England and the papacy, many people
still clung to their Protestant beliefs
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To combat this, she allowed for several hundred Englishmen to be burnt at the stake,
earning her the title “Bloody Mary”
When Mary’s half sister Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn) took the throne
(1558-1603) she reformed the Church of England to a more middle of the road
Protestant course
The Counter-Reformation (Catholic
Reformation)

The Catholic Church eventually did respond to the Protestant Reformation
with the Counter-Reformation (known more commonly today as the Catholic
Reformation)

Created the “ Index of Prohibited Books” including works by Galileo and Erasmus

Papal Inquisition was revived, where “heretics” were once again put to death for
their religious beliefs
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was an effort to restore power to the papacy and
address issues that sparked the Protestant Reformation

Placed limits on Simony (selling of church offices)
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Mandated the education of the clergy
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Strengthened their stance on traditional teachings like the sacraments, the role of priests,
and that salvation comes from both faith and following the traditions of the church

Pushed for art to be more religious, which influenced the Baroque art style
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Organized by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) who was a Spanish Noble that read
Catholic texts while recovering from a battle injury

Like Luther, he was concerned with his relationship with God, but thought that
spirituality was just as important as the Bible

His text “Spiritual Exercises” explained his total faith to the church
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At first the Church was uncomfortable with Loyola’s mysticism, but they would officially
recognize the movement in 1540
They defined themselves as a teaching order, and worked as Catholic missionaries
where Lutheranism had made large impacts on people (like Poland)
The Portuguese and Spanish Empires
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Land in Portugal was not suitable for farming, so the Portuguese had to look
to other lands for sources of wealth and prosperity

In 1415 Prince Henry (the Navigator), the son of the King of Portugal, helped
in the capture of the North African port of Ceuta from the Muslims

This started more interest in Africa, inspired a navigational school in Lisbon, as
well as a series of expeditions to develop trade with Africa, India, and the Far East

In 1487 Bartholomew Dias (a Portuguese captain) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
(the tip of Africa)
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In 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the coast of India
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The Arab fleets were defeated by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean because they were the first
to mount cannons on their ships, and they deployed their ships in groups
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To compete with the Portuguese, the Spanish decided to send ships to explore the
eastern Atlantic route

Christopher Columbus (August 2nd 1492) set sail and landed in the eastern Bahamas (he
thought this was the “Indies” in Asia) where he declared the natives to be “Indians” who
in his diary were labeled, “gentle and therefore easy to enslave”
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He failed to locate gold or spices, but his discovery led to further explorations
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In 1519 Ferdinand Magellan tried to sail around the world, and while he failed, he did prove that where
Columbus landed was not the Far East
In 1519, Hernan Cortes landed near the capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan (today
this is Mexico City) in Mexico with about 600 men
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The Aztec were highly militaristic, and frequently practiced human sacrifice
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Outsiders were often starved then forced into playing a “game” of Tlachtli against Aztec warriors
where the losing team (basically always the outsiders) had their hearts ripped out in a ritual
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The Aztec’s thought the light skinned Spaniards who had horses, armor, and guns, were gods

The Aztec ruler Montezuma tried to offer the Spanish gold, but they captured him where he “mysteriously” died
in Spanish company
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After many battles the Spanish had to flee the city, but one of their soldiers who had died gave the
Aztec’s smallpox
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The Aztec had no defense against this disease, and it wiped out at least 25% of the population
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Cortez declared his newly conquered territory “New Spain” by 1521
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The Inca (in Peru) were another militaristic society that was destroyed by the
Spanish
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Francisco Pizarro Came to Peru in 1531 with 200 soldiers
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The Inca had also been devastated by smallpox, and the 200 men captured the Inca ruler
Atahualpa
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Pizarro ruled through Atahualpa for about a year before killing him
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By the 1560’s the Spanish had conquered the Incan Empire
After the Spanish conquest, the Spanish created plantations (haciendas) to
exploit minerals and agricultural riches from the land
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They forced the natives into labor (encomienda), where they died at an incredible
pace due to disease and overwork

The Spanish and Portuguese turned to acquiring slaves from Africa to work the fields and
mines

A total of about 10 million Africans were abducted from their homes with countless deaths
just from traveling alone
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Resources
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The English Reformation
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The English Reformation part II
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JxYzLCvPyfs&list=PLfzs_X6OQBOx
udwbxvxBuTWvh6bwaVhQ&index=16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=VAY2_wHVSHw&list=PLfzs_X6OQB
OxudwbxvxBuTWvh6bwaVhQ&index=17
The Counter Reformation
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hcveOq9ce1c&list=PLfzs_X6OQBO
xudwbxvxBuTWvh6bwaVhQ&index=14
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References
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This PowerPoint presentation was
adapted using information from
the Princeton Review’s Cracking
The AP European History Exam

Pearl, Kenneth. Cracking the AP
European History Exam, 2016. New
York: Random House, 2015. Print.