Transcript Chapter 12 - Bismarck Public Schools

Chapter 12
Shaped by Its History
Section 1
Early Civilizations of
Middle America
Mayan Civilizations
A.D. 300 - A.D. 900
 Built great cities
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Copan - Honduras
 Tikal - Guatemala
 Used these cities as religious centers
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Food
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Maize - Corn, main food
Mayan Civilization
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Science
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Priests studied stars and planets
Mayan Calendar
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Most accurate calendar until the 1700’s
Hieroglyphics
 Numbering system
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Decimals
 “ZERO”
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What Happened to the Mayas?
A.D. 900 - suddenly left their cities
 No one knows why??
 Possibilities
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Crop failures, War, Disease, Drought, Famine
 Rebelled against leaders
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Left cities, but stayed in region
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Many still live in the same area
• Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala
Aztec Civilization
A.D. 1100
 Central Mexico
 Wandered for many years until deciding
to build at Lake Texcoco
 Turned swampy island into great city
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Tenochtitlan
 Present Day Mexico City
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Aztec Empire
1400’s - began conquering the other
people in the region
 Made them pay “tribute” - grew rich from it
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Food, cotton, gold, slaves
Aztec Emperor ruled over all the land
 Aztec society had several different
classes
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Many were lowest - farmers
Aztec Accomplishments
Tenochtitlan was center of learning and
trade.
 Knowledge of medicine
 Astronomers predicted eclipses
 Also used Hieroglyphics to keep records
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Section 2
The Incas:
People of the Sun
Rise of the Inca
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Cuzco
A.D.1200 - small village
 Began acquiring land through wars and
conquest
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Pachacuti - leader
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Demanded loyalty from conquered people
Empire - stretched 2500 miles throughout
South America
Incan Accomplishments
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Excellent Farmers and
Builders
Roads
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14000 miles of roads
Road system helped Inca
govern vast empire
Incan Accomplishments
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Aqueducts
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A pipe or channel to
carry water from a
distant source
Allowed them to
irrigate land that
normally would have
been too dry to farm
Incan Accomplishments
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Government
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Emperor
• Nobles - province
• People - pay taxes (crops)
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Gov’t took care of the sick
No written language
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Quipus (kee poos)
• Knotted strings, size of knot stood for numbers
Incan Accomplishments
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Religion
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Like the Mayans and the Aztecs the Incas
worshiped MANY gods
Inti - Sun God - “children of the sun”
 Viracocha - God that created all the
people of the Andes
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Where are they now??
Spanish conquered Incan empire in the
1500s.
 Descendents still live in same area
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Speak Quechua (check wah)
Incan Culture
Farming
 Clothing - Poncho - brightly colored, complex
patterns
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Section 3
European Conquest
Europeans in the Americas
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1400s - Spain and Portugal searched
for trade routes to Asia
Christopher Columbus - 1492
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Thought he reached the East Indies in Asia
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Called the natives “Indians”
Dividing the World
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Spain and Portugal - tried to stop each other
from claiming land in the Americas
1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
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Set an imaginary line from the North Pole to the
South Pole at 50 degrees longitude
Was called the Line of Demarcation - gave Spain
the right to settle West of the line and Portugal the
right to settle to the East of the line.
This is why the language and background of
Brazil is Portuguese.
Culture Clash
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Conquistadors - conquerors that were
treasure hunters.
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Could settle America
Gave back to Spain 1/5th of any treasure
they found.
Cortes conquers the Aztecs
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1519 - Cortes gets help from other
tribes
Montezuma's spies thought that the
Spanish were gods, Quetzalcoatl
Aztecs welcomed Cortes. Gave into
Spanish rule.
Fighting broke out, many died
Aztec Empire was in ruins
Pizarro conquers the Incas
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1531 - Plans to attack pacific coast of
South America
Captured and killed Incan Emperor and
many other Incan leaders.
By 1535 - conquered most of empire
including capital Cuzco
How did they do it?
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Conquistadors defeated the two most
powerful empires in the Americas.
Took only 15 years
Guns, cannons, horses
Diseases wiped out whole villages
Some local natives helped the Spanish
because of the rivalry between the
tribes.
Colonization
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Spain divided its territory into provinces
Main ones- New Spain and Peru
Lima capital of Peru
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Most powerful people lived in the center
Mestizos lived on outskirts
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People of mixed Spanish and Native American
descent.
Native Americans lived outside the city
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Many worked on a Hacienda - a plantation
owned by Spaniards or the Catholic Church
European Rule
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Encomiendas - granted by Spain
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Rights to demand taxes or labor from
Native Americans
Native American Population
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1519 - New Spain -25 Million
Only 3 million survived the first 50 years of
Spanish rule
1532 - Peru - 12 million
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After 50 years - less than 2 million
Section 4
Independence
Mexican Independence
 People
in Mexico watched other countries
revolutions - a political movement in which
people overthrow the government
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1770’s - American Colonies
1789 - French Revolution
1790’s - Haiti (France)
 Criollos
- had Spanish parents, born in
Latin America
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Few had any political power
Wanted to govern themselves
“Cry of Dolores”
 1810
- Miguel Hidalgo - Criollo priest in
town of Dolores.
 80,000 followers,
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Won some victories, but were soon retreating.
 Was
captured and killed by firing squad
 Hidalgo started the revolution, started that
way of thinking.
Independence finally comes…
 Small
rebel groups kept fighting even after
their leaders were executed.
 Iturbide joins the rebels
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High ranking criollo in Spanish Army.
 Many
people viewed Iturbide differently
than Hidalgo
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They began to suppoprt the rebellion
 1821
- Iturbide declared Mexico
independent
South American
Independence
 Simon
Bolivar - born in Venezuela - joined
the fight for independence in 1804.
 By 1822 his troops freed much of the
northern part of S.A. - Bolivar was its
President.
 Soon turned his attention south toward
Peru.
S.A. Independence
 Jose
de San Martin - Spanish Army,
Argentina
 1817 - Took his soldiers over the Andes
into Chile.
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Defeated the Spanish within months
 By
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1821 turned his attention to Peru
Attacked Lima, by sea.
• Caught Spanish off guard
S.A. Independence
 One
year later, San Martin met with
Bolivar
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No one knows what was talked about…
 San
martin gave up his command and left
Bolivar to continue the fight on his own.
 Bolivar drove the remaining Spanish out of
S.A.
 By 1825, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were
still ruled by Spain
Brazil’s Independence
 Became
independent without fighting a
war.
 In 1800s Portugal's royal family fled war in
Portugal - came to Brazil
 They returned in 1821, but the king left his
son (Dom Pedro) to rule the colony.
 He declared Brazil independent, three
years later Portugal agreed to the
independence
Latin American Challenges
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Many countries fought over how their countries
should be governed
 Many nations ended up poor.
 Bolivar wanted South America to become
“ONE” united country - “Gran Columbia”
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Made up of Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama
Did not accomplish, geography played big role in
downfall
Many leaders were “caudillos”
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Military officers who ruled strictly
Wanted power and to get rich, didn’t care about the
people
Section 5
Issues in Latin America Today
Foreign Investment
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In the 1900’s many foreign countries invested in
Latin American countries
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Built factories and farms there
Companies made big profits, but didn’t help the
countries out.
Countries started plans to build their own
factories and farms to make their economies
stronger.
Failures…
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In the 1980’s oil prices went up…
Countries needed oil to run factories…had to pay
higher prices for it.
Started to go into debt, had to get loans from other
wealthier countries (USA).
Most still have not payed off this debt
Good thing -- this debt brought an end to many
militarist regimes.
Improving Economies
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(TEST)
Today many Latin American countries limit how
outside companies can invest.
Countries trade with each other more now than in
the past
There is more diversity among the products that
are produced from Latin American countries
Built more factories
Land $$$$$
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Land is Latin Americas most important resource
Much of the land is owned by a few wealthy
families
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Haciendas occupy this land
Some poor families own small tracts of land
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Campesinos - poor farmers- grow only enough for
themselves
Moving to the city
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Many campesinos have decided to move to the city.
This has resulted in the RAPID growth of cities.
Reasons to move to the cities…(test)
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Improve quality of their life
Jobs
Find comfortable homes
Better medical care
Good schools for their children
Review
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Accomplishments
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Aztecs, Incas, Mayans
2 colonies
Leaders of S.A. independence
Caudillos
Foreign companies
Copan and Tikal
Tenochtitlan
Location of civilizations
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Inca, Mayan, Aztecs
Line of demarcation
Price of oil in 1980s
Gran Colombia
Controlling foreign investment
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Criollo, Hieroglyphic, Rural,
Urban, Aquaduct, Caudillo,
Mestizo, Encomienda, Campesino,
Conquistador, Quipu, Hacienda
Columbus, natives, where he
landed
Moving to the cities
Improving economies of L.A.
countries
Ends of native American
civilizations
Haiti’s independence, what inspired
it??
Why Spanish were able to conquer
Foreign investment - early 1900’s
Foreign investment - last few years