Transcript Early Stages of War

The
Civil War
(1861-1865)
Through
Maps, Charts,
Graphs &
Pictures
Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
North vs. South in 1861
North
South
Advantages
?
?
Disadvantages
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Rating the North & the South
Slave/Free States Population,
1861
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
The Union & Confederacy in 1861
Men Present for Duty
in the Civil War
Ohio Military Service
Soldiers’ Occupations:
North/South Combined
Immigrants
as a %
of a State’s
Population
in
1860
The Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens
The Confederate “White House”
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
A Northern View of Jeff Davis
Overview
of
the North’s
Civil War
Strategy:
“Anaconda”
Plan
The “Anaconda” Plan
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Ambrose Burnside
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
George McClellan,
Again!
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Confederate Generals
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford
Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee
I. President of the Disunited States
of America
 On March 4, 1861 Abraham Lincoln was
inaugurated president, -- stated there would
be no conflict unless the South provoked it
 A split US brought up questions on
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Sharing the national debt
Allocation of federal resources
Monroe Doctrine
II. SC Assails Fort Sumter
 Most of the forts in the South had relinquished their power to the
South save Fort Sumter
 Situation
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FS is being besieged by confederate troops – supplies
were running out
Lincoln sends supplies by ship – tells the SC governor
that only supplies are in the ship
In the eyes of the South – supplies are reinforcements
April 12, 1861 cannons fired on FS – 34 hrs of nonlethal firing – ordered by PGT Beauregard & Jefferson
Davis
The fort surrendered under Major ANDERSON
 Lincoln now called for 75,000 troops
 On April 19/27 – Lincoln also called for a
Blockade of southern ports
 The South feeling that Lincoln was waging an
aggressive war – was joined by 4 border
states
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TN, VA, AK, NC
Capital of CSA moved from Montgomery to
Richmond
Question of Robert E. Lee
 Opposed Secession
 Believed slavery to be evil
 Could not fight against his birthplace of
Virginia
 He resigned from the Union as well as 313
officers
 South had a Strong Military Tradition – 7/8
military colleges located in the south
 North had a strong Naval Tradition
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3/4ths of naval officers from the north
Crews of ships were from the North
Most of the Navy’s ships were from the North
All but 1 shipyard under Union Control
SOUTH
 Advantages
Many experienced officers
 Defending Homeland
 Could produce own food
 Disadvantages
 9 million population – 1/3 enslaved
 More men had to fight – less working to support war effort
 South had 1 factory for arms (Tradegar Iron Works)
 Problems distributing goods – ½ as much rail systems – 1
line east to west
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South Continued
 South had little financial reserves – became
worse over time
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Planters in debt
Banks had little cash reserve
Best chance at revenue (Tariff) – Union
blockaded southern ports
South resorted to paper $ -- Inflation
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By the end of the Civil War south had an inflation
rate of 9,000% as compared to the North’s 80%
NORTH
 22 million population
 80% of nation’s factories were in the north
 Produced 90% of country’s clothing, tolls, boats, and
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shoes
93% of pig iron
Dupont factories – Delaware – gunpowder
Controlled the National Treasury
Revenue from Tariffs
Banks had large reserves of cash – loaned to
government by selling of bonds
Legal Tender Act – national currency= paper $
Politics of the North
 Lincoln’s Goal was to PRESERVE THE
UNION (not an ABOLITIONIST)
 DEMOCRATS were SPLIT
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War Democrats
Peace Democrats (copperheads)
Conscription
Habeas corpus (suspended in border states)
WEAK SOUTHERN
GOVERNMENT
 The CSA established a constitution that
emphasized a (confederation) form of
government – this interfered with Davis’
ability to conduct war
 The states complained about conscription,
suspension of habeas corpus and taxes, -many states refused to follow federal policies
– practicing NULLIFICATION
Diplomatic Challenge
 Outbreak of civil war put the major
governments of Europe in a difficult situation
 North – US did not want Europe to recognize
the CSA – did not want Europe to interfere in
the war
 South wanted the exact opposite – placed
pressure on Europe by voluntarily not selling
cotton on these markets – cost them $
 May 1861 – British and French will meet with
CSA
1st MODERN WAR
 Tactics
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Organize troops into tight lines/ columns go on
the offensive
March towards enemy – firing in mass volleys
Get close enough to charge – hand to hand
combat
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Conoidal bullets
Trenches/ barricades
War of Attrition – wearing down of 1 side through
exhaustion of soldiers and resources
Early Stages of War
Mobilization of Troops
 1st months of war – Lincoln was under great
pressure to strike against the South
 General PGT Bouregard (CSA) gathering
troops 25 miles south of Washington DC –
near Manassas Junction –
 Lincoln hoped for a quick end to conflict
1st Battle of Bull Run
 1st Stage – success for Union – push confederates
back past the stream – Bull Run ( Stone Wall
Jackson)
 2nd stage – success for the South – Confederate
reinforcements arrive – Union falls back – retreats
 Lesson – made it clear to the north that they would
need a large well trained army and the war would not
be short
Battle of Bull Run
(1st Manassas)
July, 1861
Attitude concerning War
 Lincoln calls for 500,000 troops – needed
men for 3 years
 Attitude –
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CSA – Conscription
Union – Bounty
 Militia Act
Naval War
 April 1861 Lincoln proclaims a blockade on all
Southern Ports – by 1862 all ports sealed
save Wilmington & Charleston
 As time went on – blockade successful
 South used Blockade Runners – helped in
shipping goods --- (manufactured products)
 Shipped much less than before war
Britain Interferes
 Sell two warships to the south – Alabama Claims and
the Florida – together --- they sink 102 Union ships -- Farragut Captures New Orleans --- he is placed in
charge of 42 warships, and 15,000 foot soldiers
under command of Benjamin Butler
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60 years old an Veteran of 1812 & Mexican Wars
Stages of Battle on the Miss. River
Early April Farragut – bombards forts – his
attacks failed
April 24th – sailed down MR in Single File Line
Arrived in New Orleans April 25th
Six Days Later Conquered New Orleans
** MR under Union Control & Divided CSA
War in the West
 Under the Command of General Ulysses S.
Grant
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Ordered to take control of the Cumberland and
Tennessee Rivers and split the east/ west rail
lines at Corinth --
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Seized Forts Henry & Fort Donaldson
Split lines at Corinth
*** April 6th 1862 --- Shiloh – Surprise attack by
Confederates on Union troops – High Casualties
– 20,000 – Grant – desk job
Murfreesboro
 Braxton Bragg – led Confederate troops into KTY –
wanted t stage a proconfederate uprising – not
successful
 Defeated at Perryville by Don Carlos Buell – cut rail
lines – slow movement into Tennessee – to chase
Confederates – Buell replaced – with William
Rosecrans – heads south into Tennessee – Bragg
attacks the Union at Murfeesboro – 4 day battle -stalemate
War in West going Well for Union
 Defeated South at New Orleans
 Captured Rivers
 Captured Corinth, Perryville, Murfreesboro,
Shiloh
 Blockade of the ports going well
Civil War Continued
War in the East: 1861-1862
George B. McClellan
 Appointed to lead the army of the Potomac –
or the Union army in Virginia
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McClellan and the slows– he drilled his men
for half a year before he went to battle
“Seven Days Battle” – a series of battles
where the Union forces try to capture
Richmond. (June 25 – July 1 1862) victory for
the Confederates!
 Second Battle of Bull Run – another resounding
victory for the ConfederateS & now Lee decided to
enter into enemy soil
 McClellan has a tremendous stroke of luck – found
Lee’s army orders wrapped around a bunch of cigars
 ANTIETAM – Bloodiest single day in American
history – Casualties totaled more than 26,000 –
happened September 17, 1862 in Maryland –
Stalemate – Union victory because CSA - retreats
Battle of Antietam
“Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties
 Emancipation Proclamation – because of the
Union victory at Antietam – Lincoln presents
to the public his Emancipation Proclamation
(Military Tactic)
 States – slaves are free in all states that are
in rebellion against the USA(Union)
 What about border states?
Emancipation in 1863
The
Emancipation
Proclamation
The Southern View of Emancipation
African-American Recruiting Poster
African-American Recruiting Poster
African-Americans
in Civil War Battles
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert
Gould Shaw