Transcript CH 15 SHI lecture - Civil War copy

Chapter 15
Civil War
1861-1865
America: A Narrative History, 10th Edition
Copyright © 2016, W. W. Norton & Company
Which side was stronger as
war began?
• 25% of Union army joined
Confederacy (General Robert E.
Lee)
• 100,000 Southerners joined Union
army
• North produced 97% of firearms
• Almost 4 million slaves in
South not allowed in
military
Union Policies
• Naval blockage & control of Mississippi
(Anaconda Plan)
• Goal was economic pressure for a
negotiated settlement
p. 356
Confederate Policies
• Start of war: NO army, navy, war
supplies, government structure
or foreign alliances
• Each state was autonomous
• Hope was army and “fighting
for Southern honor”
• Goal was protracted war so
Northerners would want
negotiated settlement.
Confederate Diplomacy
• Biggest challenge was
international recognition & foreign
aid
• Focused on Great Britain
• Assumed Britain would support
South for cotton
• BUT, Britain obtained sufficient
cotton from its colony of India
•Queen Victoria proclaimed
official neutrality, but didn’t view
conflict as rebellion against a
legally constituted government
A Long, Bloody War
• Both sides expected a quick war
• Lasted 4 years with over 600,000
dead – over 2% of population
(equivalent today to 7.5 million)
• Over 50,000 amputees
• More Americans deaths than in
all other wars combined.
Disease
• Over two-thirds of soldiers’
deaths caused by disease
• Dysentery & typhoid caused
most death: poor sanitation
• Pneumonia, measles, TB and
malaria
 A long, drawn-out conflict
favored the Union, unless
Confederates could obtain
help from abroad.
Major Military Campaigns
• North began to win only after
two years in 1863
Union Advances into Virginia,
1861-1862
• Battle of Bull Run
• Battle of Antietam
War in the West, 1862-1863
• Anaconda Plan at work
• Union closed Southern
ports after Vicksburg
victory
Confederate navy ship “Virginia”
with iron sides
Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville
and Gettysburg
1862 - 1863
• Union victory at Gettysburg
probably turning point of the
war
Map 14-3, p. 364
Sherman’s Campaign in the
South
• Destroyed both military and
civilian targets
• Reduced South’s willingness
to continue with war
• “Total War”
Map 14-5, p. 377
Emancipation Proclamation - 1863
 Lincoln wanted to foster popular support in
the North & increase favorable sentiment
abroad.
 Only abolished slavery in states “in
rebellion” on January 1, 1863 - actually no
slaves freed immediately
 Lincoln didn’t want to alienate the four
slave states still in the Union, especially
Maryland
Implications
• Emancipation entirely conditional on
a Union military victory
• Forced his critics in North and Britain
to rally behind Lincoln.
• WAR NOW ABOUT SLAVERY,
NOT JUST SECESSION
Northern View
Southern View
Conscription Act (Draft)
• Heavy casualties, massive desertion
and declining enlistments
• By lottery
• Escape Routes: hire a substitute or
pay $300
• Also used conscription in Confederacy
New York workers riot over draft &
attack Irish & free blacks competing
for jobs
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New Technologies of War
Rifles and cannons with “rifled”
barrels had longer range and more
accurate
Repeating rifles; waterproof
cartridges
Observation balloons
Miliary telegraph
Exploding artillery shells
First machine gun – Gatling gun
Ironclad ships
Gatling Gun
Richard Gatlin
 Hoped his new invention for
massive killing would show
the folly of war and lead to
end of all wars.
New technology brings war
home to civilians
• Matthew Brady’s photographs
showed civilians the terrible
reality of war.
p. 371
Gettysburg
• Huge losses on both sides but
Confederate General Lee lost over
half his army.
• Union could replace losses, but
Confederacy couldn’t.
• Dedicating the cemetery, Lincoln’s
Gettysburg Address galvanized
Americans doubting the war’s
purpose.
Gettysburg Address
“Fourscore and seven (87)
years ago, our fathers brought
forth on this continent a new
nation, conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal.”
Union Wages Total War
• Goal to destroy South’s will
• Suspended prisoner exchanges
• Sherman’s destruction: both civilian &
military targets across South
Sherman’s Intentions
• “We are not only fighting hostile
armies, but a hostile people.”
• “We cannot change the hearts of
those people of the South, but we
can make them so sick of war that
generations would pass away
before they would again appeal to
it.”
Surrender
• Union offered generous terms, but
no compromise on two essential
issues: slavery & reunion
• Confederate military given
immunity from prosecution for
treason
Lincoln assassinated
• Two days after war ended
• John Wilkes Booth – southern
sympathizer
• Accomplices killed Secretary of State
and planned to kill Vice President
p. 380
p. 380
An Uncertain Future
 Secession had been
defeated, but reunion
remained a distant and
difficult objective.
 13th Amendment abolishing
slavery passed Congress
months before war ended
• Promoted U.S. economic
development in future
- Morrill Tariff to protect
manufacturers
- Pacific Railroad Act to construct
transcontinental railroad
- Homestead Act
- Morrill Land Grant Act (A&M)
Next: Reconstruction of South
• The United States of America
“are” changed to “is”
• Challenge now to
reincorporate the destroyed
South and deal with freed
slaves