Transcript The Civil War

The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Created by: Sarah Rice
Section 1: The Two Sides
• Main Idea 1: Both the North and the South had
strengths and weaknesses that helped
determine their military strategies.
• Main Idea 2: Soldiers in the Civil War came
from every region, and each side expected an
early victory.
Section 1 Vocabulary
• border states
• blockade
• offensive
• Rebel
• Yankee
The Border States
• Seven left the Union to join the Confederacy
• Four remained: Kentucky, Maryland,
Delaware, Missouri
• Each had strategic locations for the North, but
were slave states and teetered towards
secession
• Missouri=controlled parts of Mississippi River
• Kentucky=controlled Ohio River
• Maryland=Washington D.C., U.S. government
at risk, close to Richmond
• Delaware=close to Philadelphia
Lincoln is Cautious
• If Lincoln aims to end slavery, border states
will secede
• If he ordered Northern troops into border
states, they might secede
• Result of caution:
– Border states stayed in the Union
– Many border states’ population joined armies in
the South
Northern Advantages
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Larger population
More industry
More abundant resources
More ships and larger railway network
Better banking system
Abraham Lincoln
Northern Disadvantages
• Trying to bring Southern states back into the
Union (#1 goal)
• Have to invade the South(an unknown territory),
occupy the territory, and subdue a population of
millions to win the war
• Not as much people support as the South
Southern Advantages
•Fighting in familiar territory
•Military leadership superior
•Strong support from the people
Southern Disadvantages
• Smaller population of free men
• Possessed few factories to manufacture
weapons + supplies
• Produced half as much food as the North
• Difficulty in delivering food, weapons, and
supplies due to lack of railway
Main Northern Goal
• Bring Southern states back into the
Union
• Later on in the war, ending slavery
also becomes a major goal
Main Southern Goal
• To win recognition as an
independent nation
– This would allow them to preserve their
traditional way of life (slavery)
Northern Strategy
• 1. Blockade Southern ports
– to prevent supplies from reaching the South and
from the South earning money through exporting
cotton
• 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River
– to cut Southern supply lines and to divide the
Confederacy
• 3. Take control of Richmond, Virginia
Mississippi
River (Union)
– The Confederate capital
Confederacy
Southern Strategy
• Offensive strategy:
– Moved armies northward to threaten
Washington, D.C.
• *Main* Defensive strategy:
– Hold onto as much territory as possible
until the North tired of fighting
– Thought Britain and France would help
them out since they bought large
quantities of cotton
William Tecumseh Sherman and
George McClellan
• Union generals
Robert E. Lee
• Confederate general
Who Were the Soldiers?
• Most came from farms
• Young
– Average age was 25 years old
– 40% were 21 years or younger
• North later enlists free African Americans
• Confederates/South (REBELS) near 112,000
soldiers
• Union/North (YANKEES) near 187,000 soldiers
False Hopes
• Each side expected an early victory
– They were both wrong.
Section 2: Early Years of War
• Main Idea 1: The North realized with the first major
battle that the war would be a long, difficult
struggle.
• Main Idea 2: The North set up a blockade along the
South’s coastline, which caused serious problems
for the South.
• Main Idea 3: The action shifted to the West after the
first Battle of Bull Run as each side recognized its
forces.
• Main Idea 4: Battles continued and after several
Southern victories, Lincoln removed General
McClellan for his failure to act in these battles.
Section 2 Vocabulary
• ironclad
• casualty
• “Stonewall” Jackson
• Ulysses S. Grant
• George B. McClellan
First Battle of Bull Run
• First major battle of the Civil War
• Union attacks Confederates
• Union pushed back by General Jackson who
fought like a stonewall (aka “Stonewall”
Jackson
• Confederates push forward with a strange
scream of power (aka Rebel yell)
• Union flees back to Washington D.C.
A Shock for the North
• Union was flabbergasted about the retreat
• Lincoln recruits volunteers for the army
• Hires a new general: George McClellan
War at Sea
• Lincoln ordered a naval blockade of Southern ports
• Imports in short supply during the war due to blockade:
coffee, shoes, nails, salt, guns, ammunition
• Monitor versus Merrimack
– Rebels rebuild the abandoned Yankee warship the
Merrimack with iron plates, renamed it Virginia
– Rebels retaliate by sending their new ironclad Monitor to
engage Virginia in battle
– Neither ship sank, but Yankee’s Monitor was able to keep
the Merrimack/ Virginia in Northern harbor so they could not
do any damage to Northern ships
Early Victories for the North
• Ulysses S. Grant captures Confederate’s Fort
Henry on Tennessee River.
• Then, he captures Fort Donelson
• Nickname became “Unconditional Surrender”
Grant because that is what he told the
Confederates the terms were
• Union gains access to lower Tennessee River
and a path for troops to march through into the
South.
Battle of Shiloh
• Confederates launch a surprise attack on
Union in Mississippi
• Battle lasted two days, but some of the
bloodiest fighting in all of the war
– Day 1: Rebels drive Yankees back to Ten. River
– Day 2: Union fight back and push back to Miss.
*20,000 casualties on both sides
*Union almost have control of Mississippi River
New Orleans Falls
• Union captures New Orleans--South’s
largest city
– Rebels could no longer use the river to carry
its goods to sea
– Gives Yankees control of almost all the
Mississippi River
McClellan Hesitates
• Expert in reorganizing and drilling an army
• Too cautious and worried that his troops
weren’t ready so he hesitated to initiate battle
• Lincoln directs McClellan to take Richmond,
but McClellan sneaks around enemy sizing up
their strength
• “You must act,” Lincoln ordered him. He
didn’t.
• This gave Rebels time to defend Richmond.
• Finally, when McClellan does fight, they are
outnumbered.
• Launch into the Seven Days’ Battles
– Confederates circle around Union army and spy to
learn about Union positions
– Then the Rebels force Yankees back
– Yankees fail to capture Richmond
– Restores Rebel hope
Gloom in the North
• Disheartened by Richmond failure
• Confederates win the Second Battle of Bull
Run, allowing them to keep Richmond
– This Confederate victory brought Rebels closer to
Washington, D.C., which posed a huge threat for
the Yankees
Lee Enters Maryland
• General Robert E. Lee tries to convince
Maryland to become part of the Confederacy
• Two soldiers find Lee’s copy of attack orders
wrapped around three cigars
– McClellan learns Lee’s plans and that his army was
divided into four parts (Trevor Trivia)
– McClellan’s big opportunity to redeem himself has
arrived
– But he was too cautious again and he waited four
days to attack, giving Lee enough time to gather his
troops together
Battle of Antietam
• September 17th—single most bloodiest day of the entire
war
• Casualties were heavy on both sides, but neither army
was destroyed
• Lee withdraws to Virginia and Union takes this as a
victory
– McClellan ignored Lincoln’s order to pursue the
Rebels and destroy them
– Lincoln fires McClellan and replaces him with General
Ambrose Burnside
*Lincoln uses this major victory as a sign to take action
against slavery. He begins this new conquest.
Section 3: A Call to Freedom
• Main Idea 1: Lincoln signed the
Emancipation Proclamation, which led to the
passing of the Thirteenth Amendment freeing
enslaved Americans.
• Main Idea 2: The Civil War provided
opportunities for African Americans to
contribute to the war effort.
Section 3 Vocabulary:
• emancipate
• ratify
Lincoln’s Official Position
• At first, Lincoln thought slavery was immoral
but did not want to move against it in fear of
losing the border states
• “If I could save the Union without freeing any
slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing some and leaving
others alone, I would also do that. What I do
about slavery…I do because I believe it helps
to save the Union.” ~ Abraham Lincoln 1862
Weakening Slavery
• Slavery helped the South because slaves
raised crops to feed the armies and did the
heavy work in the trenches at army camps
• Therefore, Lincoln decided to emancipate all
enslaved African Americans in the South
Rotten to the Core
• Lincoln saw America as becoming rotten by
the nasty worm Slavery
• Who wants to fight for a nation with a rotten
core?
• America could no longer speak of liberty and
equality and be cruel and hateful to a large
group of its own people.
Emancipation Proclamation
• “…all persons held as slaves within any
state…in rebellion against the United States,
shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free.” ~ The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
• “ I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was
doing right than in signing this paper.”
~Abraham Lincoln
Effects of the Proclamation
1) Applied only to areas the Confederacy
controlled, but African Americans in the North
were happy about it
2) Britain and France were against slavery, so
they didn’t want to help the Confederacy even
though they bought cotton from them
3) 1865 Congress passes the Thirteenth
Amendment—abolished all slavery in the U.S.
(this is what truly freed enslaved Americans)
Civil War Changes the South
• Loss of population due to many slaves
fleeing to the North
• Slave rebellions because Rebels refused to
let African Americans into the army
• Eventually, Rebels plea with slaves to join
the Confederate army in exchange for
freedom to fight for the country they love
instead of doing the “slave” work for the
armies. (The war ended before any African
American regiments could be organized)
Civil War Changes the North
• Lincoln at first sends back all runaway slaves who wanted to
fight for the Union because he didn’t want to stir up a
problem
• The ones who stayed were called contrabands: property
seized from the enemy
• 1862 Congress passes a law allowing African Americans to
serve in both the Union army and navy
• African American regiments were separate
– 54th Massachusetts most famous African Am. Regiment
– Their bravery attacking Confederates won deep respect
for all African American troops
Section 4: Life During the Civil War
• Main Idea 1: In both the North and the
South, civilians and soldiers suffered terrible
hardships and faced new challenges.
• Main Idea 2: Many Northern and Southern
women took on new responsibilities during
the war.
• Main Idea 3: The war efforts of the Union
and the Confederate governments faced
opposition.
• Main Idea 4: The war created economic
problems in the North and in the South.
Section 4: Vocabulary
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habeas corpus
draft
bounty
inflation
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Reality of War
• Soldiers’ lives were filled with boredom,
discomfort, sickness, fear, and horror
• Daily drills, bad food, marches, and rain
• Medical facilities were overwhelmed
• Rebels also suffered from starvation
Women and the War
• Women became teachers, office workers,
nurses, and spies
– Clara Barton- famous for her work with wounded
soldiers
– Dorothea Dix- organized women to serve as
military nurses
• They did jobs to help troops
– Rolled bandages, wove blankets, made
ammunition, collected food/clothing/medicine,
and raised money
Marching Soldiers
• Where do they sleep?
• What do they eat?
• How do they stay warm
and dry?
Army Food—Yum? No—Yuck!
• Southern army ate “sloosh”
– Fried bacon and then cornmeal dough wetted
by bacon grease, which was then cooked
around their ramrods over a campfire.
• Northern army had water, soft bread, flour,
coffee, bacon, and a heavy cracker called
“hardtack”
Life at Home
• Northern families saw war from a distance
• Everyday life in the North suffered little disruption
• Southern life was dramatically changed
– Lost crops, homes, shortage in food and everyday
clothing, medicine, and amenities
– Northern soldiers burned abandoned houses,
stole, destroyed railroads, burned crops, and
destroyed cities
– Economy of the South suffered immensely due to
destruction of crops along with railways and ports
being blocked (no exports)
• Leads to inflation-increase in prices to make
money
Draft Laws
• Volunteers for the Union and Confederacy
were decreasing
• The Confederate Congress passed a draft law
– Draft law: required men between 18 and 35 to
serve in the army for three years
– A male could substitute someone in his place if he
was drafted
• The Union encouraged enlistment by offering
bounties (payments to encourage volunteers)
– This method fails so they too draft men, but from
the ages 20-45
The First Modern War
• Civil War is called the first “modern” war because it
required the total commitment of resources
Section 5: The Way to Victory
• Main Idea 1: After Confederate victories in
Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, a turning
point occurred when Union forces won in
Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
• Main Idea 2: The end of the war in sight with
Sherman’s capture of Atlanta and Grant’s
pursuit of the Confederates in Virginia.
• Main Idea 3: After four years of war that
claimed the lives of more than 600,000
Americans, the Northern forces defeated the
Southern forces.
Section Five: Vocabulary
• entrench
• total war
Victories and Failures
• Union General Burnside fails to take Rebels in
the Battle of Fredericksburg, so Burnside
resigns and is replaced by General Joseph
Hooker
• Hooker disobeys Lincoln so he is replaced by
General George Meade
• General Lee also defeats Yankees at the Battle
of Chancellorsville, but Rebel General
Stonewall Jackson is killed
Total War:
• Union troops took what food they needed
and tore up railroad lines and fields on
purpose in an effort to destroy anything
useful to the South.
• The Union also hoped this would destroy
the moral of the Southerners and they’d
stop supporting the war
• Their destruction was about 50 miles wide
The Battle of Gettysburg
• Yankees and Rebels met by accident in 1863
and head into a three day battle.
• (Lee was marching to the North hoping to fight Yankees on
their home ground to know the pain they’ve caused the South).
• Lee decided to create a panic of overwhelming
numbers marching toward the Yanks and fire
off canons for a consistent two hours, which
would destroy the Union army
• Lee loses because Union troops were hidden
behind a ridge and shot down over half of the
exposed Confederate soldiers
Abe Is Disobeyed Again
• Abe orders an attack on Lee’s retreating army
to finish them off and end the war
• General Meade was too cautious like General
McClellan and didn’t act
• “We had them in our grasp. We had only to
stretch forth our hands and they were ours,”
stated Lincoln.
Victory at Vicksburg
• Yankees capture Vicksburg in 1863
• This allows Yankees to have the entire control
of the Mississippi River
** Victories at
Gettysburg and
Vicksburg become
the climax of
the Civil War
Lincoln at Gettysburg
• Lincoln dedicates a cemetery for all soldiers
both Union and Confederate lost at
Gettysburg
• He writes a beautiful speech called the
“Gettysburg Address”
– “…It is for us the living…that this dead shall not
have died in vain-that this nation shall have a
new birth of freedom; and that this government,
of the people, by the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.” ~Abraham
Lincoln
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln battles for presidency with McClellan and the
odds were not in his favor
• Abraham Lincoln gets reelected as president after
Union restored faith in him by his order of taking
control of the Gulf of Mexico, which was a success
• Lincoln stresses peace with all nations in his
Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865
Surrender at Appomattox
• Union army blocks Confederates of any escape
– “There is nothing left for me to do but go and see
General Grant, and I [would] rather die a thousand
deaths,” General Lee.
– On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrender at the
Appomattox Court House
– General Grant allows Confederates to go home,
keep their horses, and three days worth of food to
all the Conf. hungry troops
– THE CIVIL WAR IS OVER
Tragedy Strikes
• President Lincoln does not live to see the
end of the war
• On April 15, 1865 (five days after Lee’s
surrender) he was assassinated by John
Wilkes Booth
• This was a tragedy for both the North and
South because he was the only person who
could mend the country back together
• It was the “heaviest blow which has ever
fallen upon the people of the South,” a
Richmond newspaper stated.
Results of the War
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More than 600,000 soldiers died
Caused the U.S. billions of dollars in damage
South’s economy was in total state of collapse
2/3rds of transportation systems lay in ruins
Bitter feelings among Southerners that lasted
for generations to come
• North’s victory saved the Union
• Federal government was strengthened and
more powerful than the states
Results of the War
• Freedom of millions of African American
• 13th Amendment 1865: no slaves in ALL U.S.
• 14th Amendment 1868: equal protection of the
law to ALL Americans
• 15th Amendment 1870: all citizens have the
right to vote (didn’t specify if women were
citizens so they couldn’t vote still)
New Questions
• How do does the Union bring Southern states
back into the Union?
• How do now free African Americans coincide
with white Americans in the South?
• We now try to answer these questions in the
period now as the Reconstruction.