Transcript chapter 16 powerpoint

The Union Reconstructed
Aftermath of war
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Casualties
Economic chaos
Social upheaval
Psychological despair and bitterness
4,000,000 free blacks
Status of government
• Republicans: in power but an uneasy
alliance between Whigs, Know-Nothings,
Unionists Democrats, and antislavery
idealists.
• Vice-President: Andrew Johnson- former
Dem slaveholder- balanced ticket in 1864
Conflicting Goals
Radical
Republicans
Moderates
Former
Confederate
Aristocracy
New South
Freed Blacks
-remake
-Reconciliation
-Leniency,
amnesty
-Restore
plantation
economy with
blacks as cheap
labor
-Restore
political leaders
of the south
-Limited
support for
black suffrage
-Less federal
interference
-protection from
blacks
-Prevent
excessive
freedom
-Amnesty
-Traditional
economy with
black labor
-Traditional
labor
-Old race
relations
-yeoman and
unionists
-Reconciliation
-Raise status of
yeoman farmers
-Diversity in
economy
-New leaders,
not just
aristocracy
-Suffrage only
to educated few
blacks
-Order/peace
-physical
protection
-40 acres and a
mule
-Education
-Civil rights
-Suffrage
-safety
southern society
-political
punishment for
confederate
leaders
-Continue high
tariffs/other
policies that
economic favor
the north
-Help free
people to full
freedom
-suffrage
Freed people
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Some left plantations
Married
Adopted surnames
Determined to get an education and become
economically independent
White Response
• Desperate conditions
• Sense of outrage, fear, injustice, loss
• BLACK CODES-forbid gun ownership,
intermarriage, groups, etc
• Violence against blacks
• Not 40 acres or a mule but “work nigger or
starve”
• Vagrancy laws
Reconstruction Politics:
Presidential Proclamation 1865
• Offered amnesty and pardon with property rights to former
confeds who swore allegiance to the union.
• Exempted leaders of the confederate government and rich
rebels
• Accepted N. Carolina to reenter the union
• Convention called to ratify the 13th amendment, void
secession, repudiate debts and elect new officials
• All southern states completed this plan
• Created status quo by December 1865
Congressional Reconstruction
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Labeled radical but really moderate
Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner led a more radical movement, although
their goals for blacks were moderate
Refused to seat representatives from former confederate states
Established a joint committee and reported on the bad condition of the South
Civil Rights Bill of 1866- protect rights/ extend Freedman’s Bureau (2 Years)
Memphis Riots 1866- 48 dead and Union soldiers slow to respond
Congress proposes 14th amendment/Johnson opposes
1866- Midterm elections – Republicans win landslide/mandate to Congress
1867- three acts passed
– Five military districts
– New process for admitting states that required black voters to elect delegates to
convention that would represent black suffrage
– When 14th amendment was ratified, they would be readmitted.
Impeachment
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Tenure of Office Act- Designed to prevent Johnson from firing Sec of War
Stanton, limited appt powers. President’s powers trimmed.
Johnson vetoes Reconstruction Acts, removed officials, hindered work of
Freedman’s bureau, and limited activities of army in South
1867- Johnson dismissed Stanton. Impeachment resolution “high crimes and
misdemeanors” 3 month trial ( 7 moderate Republicans voted against
impeachment/ failed by one vote) They did not want Wade.
1870
• 14th amendment: States have an obligation to
provide citizens with their rights as citizens
• 15th amendment: Passed to help Republican party
• Suffragists often campaigned against black male
suffrage.
• 1869- Women’s movement splits with
Stanton/Anthony fighting for amendment for
suffrage/others fighting state by state for vote
• Southern Homestead Act of 1866-made new land
available to blacks (poor land and only 4,000)
families applied. 20% completed claims
Freedman’s Bureau
• Underfunded, undersupported, understaffed with
enormous job
• Issued emergency clothes, food, shelter, medical
care, hospitals, relocation, marriage, search for
relatives, represented blacks in trials, and created
education program (greatest success)Teachers
were quakers and notherners Was serving 250,000
students when funding was stopped in 1870.
• Unfortunately, often helped white farmers get
cheap labor
• Concerned with order. By 1868, funding was
gone and agents left.
Economics of newly freed
• New economic dependence on former masters
• At first, attempts at contract farming but blacks
resisted
• Then, switch to tenancy and sharecropping
• Sharecropping: given supplies in exchange for half
crop and payment for loan- tied to land with debt
• Tenant farming: promise to sell crop to local
merchants in exchange for renting stuff.
Had to buy supplies at merchant’s store.
Debt replaced slavery
Poor white farmers
• Also lost land and became debtor laboreres
• Hunting and fencing laws prevented selfsufficiency
• Clung to beliefs of white supremacy KKK
• Participated in maintaining system of terror
Black Self-Help Institutions
• Churches- Negro Baptist 500,000 AME 400,000
• Education- started own schools after Bureau left
1870: 20% gain in literacy
• Fisk- Howard and other colleges stared to train
teachers
• Schools were targets of the KKK: 37 schools
burned in 1869 in Tenn
• Exodusters: 10,000 infertile areas in Kansas
• Others like Ben Singleton advocated moving to
Canada or Liberia
Republican rule during early Reconstruction
• Blacks participated in early state governments
with a wide variety of other whites
• Carpet baggers- unfairly portrayed northerners
coming to help blacks
• Educated blacks
• Made many reforms in southern government and
law
• Rebuilding
• First public school system
Democratic Rule
• Violence along with lack of northern will/southern
juries refused to follow laws
• Return of democrats to power
• Grant: Force Bill/ anti KKK bill passed in 18701871
• 1872- Report detailed horrors of racism
• In order to win key elections, Grant withdrew
from cause
• Election of 1870- Republican vote down as black
vote suppressed.
1874- Supreme Court backs up whites and says Civil
Rights bill is unconstitutional
Shifting National Priorities
• Economic growth, industrial and territorial
expansion take over from the needs of newly freed
people.
• Republicans become party of economic
materialism and not reform.
• Corrupt land grants to railroads
• Grant honest but advisors not
• Whiskey Ring Affair/ Gould’s Scandal, Credit
Moblier )bribes, kickbacks,etc,)
• Election of 1872- Grant easily won second term
despite his wretched record over Greely.
Labor Unions
• Flourished between 1865- 1875
• National Labor Union in 1866 had 300,000500,000 enrolled prior to depression of
1873.
End of Reconstruction
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Depression of 1873
1874- Democrats take house of reps
Election of 1876 Rep(Hayes) Dem (Tilden)
Tilden won popular but not electorial-a few states
in dispute
• Compromise of 1877
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Hayes is President
Railroad from NO to CA
Army out of the South
Blacks are given another 100 years of oppression in the
South
Congress did not….
• Imprison anyone but Jefferson Davis
• Execute anyone except the commander of
Andersonville
• Require time before reentry
• Mandate education for newly freed
• Redistribute land
• Protect black land
• Provide economic help for blacks
• 1865- 1869 ( 7 northern states mote down
suffrage)