Transcript Chapter 20 - Campbell County Schools

GIRDING FOR WAR: THE NORTH
AND THE SOUTH, 1861-1865
Chapter 20
COMPARING SIDES
Union
o
o
o
o
o
22 states
23,000,000 population
Industrial economy
Majority of
transportation
Lincoln, a military
novice.
o
o
Asks Robert E. Lee to
command Union troops
and declines
Belief war is about
slavery and preserving
the Union.
Confederacy
o
o
o
11 states
10,000,000
o
includes 4 million slaves
o
Exports, not food
o
Better military leaders
Agricultural economy
Limited manufacturing
and railroad lines.
o Davis, military
experience.
o
o
Belief war is about states
rights, independence and
preserving their way of
life.
COMPARING SIDES
Union (Blue)

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

United States of
America
or Union
President Abraham
Lincoln
Capital: Washington,
D.C.
Feds-----Federal
Yanks-----Yankees
Bluebellies
Blue coats
Confederacy (Gray)







Confederate States of
America
President Jefferson
Davis
Capital: Richmond, VA
Rebs------Rebels--”Johnny Rebs”
Secessh-------Seccession
Graycoats
Yellow bellies
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Population Factories
Based on %
North
South
Wealth
CHART: NORTH/SOUTH
Cotton
UNION STRATEGY

Aggressive offensive to
crush the rebellion
–

War of attrition:
South has less
manpower…
Gen Winfield Scott’s
Anaconda Plan
–
–
Control river systems:
Ohio and Mississippi
Blockade and seizure
of ports
War goal: Preserve
Union and later abolish
slavery
 Capture Richmond
 Don’t allow
Confederacy to rest
 Napoleonic tactics at
first----later “trench
warfare”

CONFEDERATE STRATEGY

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
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Defend and delay until
Union gives up.
Quick victories to
demoralize Union
Alliance with Great
Britain
Capture Washington, D.C.
Defend Richmond
Sought decisive battle that
would convince the Union
it wasn’t worth it
Use better military
leadership to advantage
and outsmart Union
generals
LEADERS
Lincoln
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Born in Kentucky
Self-educated
Congressmen from
Illinois
Abolitionist (at end of
war)
First Presidential
candidate
for the Republican Party
Minority president
Davis
Born in Kentucky
 Served as Secretary of
War
 Senator from
Mississippi
 Slaveowner
 Served as Secretary of
State
 First and only
President of the CSA

WARTIME ECONOMIES
South
Severe food shortages
(despite converting
cotton to food crops) hurt
morale
 Rioting women armed
themselves and broke
into shops demanding
food and stealing
anything they could until
Jefferson Davis ordered
the militia to break it up

North
Experienced an economic
boom because there were
new needs for products
for soldiers (clothes,
munitions, etc.)
 Women entered the work
force making clothes and
plowing fields

MILITARY LIFE

Both the Union and
Confederacy suffered
hardships

Many soldiers had
nothing to eat but
what they could kill by
themselves and no
shoes to wear
BATTLEFIELD MEDICINE



Disease was one of the
biggest threats to
soldiers
Doctors didn’t
understand much about
germs and used the
same unsterilized
instruments on every
soldier, allowing disease
to spread
Battlefield physicians
often amputated limbs
to prevent gangrene and
other infections from
spreading throughout a
patient’s body
WOMEN IN THE WAR


Women were
encouraged to stay home
and make bandages at
the beginning of the
war, but soon took over
the nursing profession
(previously only for
men)
Clara Barton and Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell
were pioneers in the
medical field during the
Civil War
MILITARY PRISONS


At the beginning of the war
there were prisoner exchanges
between the North and South
After the Emancipation
Proclamation the South decided
they would not accept Southern
white prisoners in exchange for
African American troops



Lincoln stopped all prisoner
exchanges as a result
The North and South had large
numbers of POWs
Andersonville Prison is the best
known prison in the South
More than 100 men a day died in
1864
 1/3 of all prisoners there would die
 Henry Wirz, commandant at
Andersonville, would be the only
person executed for war crimes
during the Civil War

CONFEDERATE CONSTITUTION
• State’s rights
• Tariffs are equal throughout the CSA
• Slavery is legal and is allowed to
expand
JEFFERSON DAVIS ON WAR

“I tried all in my power to
avert this war. I saw it
coming, for twelve years I
worked night and day to
prevent it, but I could not.
The North was mad and
blind; it would not let us
govern ourselves, and so the
war came, and now it must
go on till the last man of this
generation falls in his tracks,
and his children seize the
musket and fight our battle,
unless you acknowledge our
right to self government. We
are not fighting for slavery.
We are fighting for
Independence, and that, or
extermination".........
ABRAHAM LINCOLN ON KENTUCKY

“I think to lose
Kentucky is nearly the
same as to lose the
whole game. Kentucky
gone, we cannot hold
Missouri, not, I think,
Maryland. These all
against us, and the job
on our hands in too
large for us. We would
as well consent to
separation at once,
including the surrender
of this capital,
Washington, D.C.”
THE OPPOSING SIDES
The Union





Led by Ulysses S. Grant
Had a strong navy
Had 80% of the factories
in the US
The National Treasury,
capable of printing
money, was in the North
Military officials wanted
to cut off resources to
starve the CSA into losing
The Confederacy
Led by Robert E. Lee
 Had 7 of the 8 military
colleges in the US
 Stressed states’ rights,
which limited power of
Confederate
government
 Military officials
wanted to slowly tire
the Union until they
gave up

MOBILIZING THE TROOPS
Much excitement at
the beginning of the
war, but as people
started dying not as
many men enlisted
and both sides had to
turn to a draft
 Lincoln asked all state
militias to join in
federal service

LINCOLN’S “NECESSARY” ACTIONS

Suspended “civil liberties”
or parts of the Constitution
Writ of habeas corpus:
Protects from unfair arrest
and trial by jury
 Occupation of Baltimore:
Controlled by military


“martial law”
Arrested over 15,000
civilians: Without “probable
cause” suspicious “Rebel”
sympathizers
 Closed “rebel” newspapers:
Violated 1st amendment
rights of “free speech and
press”



First Income Tax
Greenbacks

1st paper money
MILITARY PREPAREDNESS
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Professional development of
officers
1802 West Point is formed
55 of 60 largest battles, both sides
were commanded by West
Pointers
Artillery and Infantry schools
opened
Professional staff begins in
earnest
Greater independence for military
leaders


Politicians focus on strategy and
are less involved in operational
and tactical decisions
Mexican War
Many leaders on both sides gain
valuable experience
 First great post-Industrial
Revolution war

INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Telegraph
Davis uses to gather
forces for Shiloh
 Fredericksburg sees first
extensive use on the
battlefield


Railway
Greatly changes logistics
and strategic maneuver
 North had good system;
South had acceptable
quantity, but no
standardized track width


Outdated muskets replaced
with rifle
greatly changes tactics
more accurate, faster loading,
fire more rounds than muskets
 Minié ball (more destructive
bullet)
 Cold Harbor: 2k dead in 20
minutes, another 5k wounded


WEAPONS

Cavalry used for
reconnaissance

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Scouting and skirmishes
Artillery
invention of shells, devices that
exploded in the air
 fired canisters, special shells
filled with bullets

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Grenades

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Ironclads

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land mines are used
replaces wooden ships
Trench warfare replaces
Napoleonic tactics
SONG ANALYSIS
As you listen to and read the lyrics from the two
songs, consider the following:
 What can you learn about the beliefs of each side
during the war?
 What references are used for impact?

DIXIE (CONFEDERATE MARCH)
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Southern men, the thunders
mutter
Northern flags in South
winds flutter!
To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!
Send them back your fierce
defiance!
Stamp upon the cursed
alliance!
To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!
Chorus:
Advance the flag of Dixie!
Hurrah! Hurrah!
In Dixie's land we take our
stand, and live or die for
Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie

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Fear no danger! Shun no
labor!

Lift up rifle, pike, and saber! 
To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!

Shoulder pressing close to
shoulder,

Let the odds make each
heart bolder!

To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!
Chorus:
Advance the flag of Dixie!
Hurrah! Hurrah!
In Dixie's land we take our
stand, and live or die for
Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie
Swear upon your country's





altar
Never to submit or falter-To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!
Till the spoilers are
defeated,
Till the Lord's work is
completed!
To arms! To arms! To arms,
in Dixie!
Chorus:
Advance the flag of Dixie!
Hurrah! Hurrah!
In Dixie's land we take our
stand, and live or die for
Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie!
To arms! To arms! And
conquer peace for Dixie
BATTLE HYMN OF THE REPUBLIC (UNION
MARCH)
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Mine eyes have seen
the glory of the
coming of the Lord:
He is trampling out
the vintage where
the grapes of wrath
are stored;
He hath loosed the
fateful lightning of
His terrible swift
sword:
His truth is
marching on.
(Chorus)
Glory, glory,
hallelujah!
Glory, glory,
hallelujah!
Glory, glory,
hallelujah!

His truth is
marching on.

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I have seen Him in
the watch-fires of a
hundred circling
camps,
They have builded
Him an altar in the
evening dews and
damps;
I can read His
righteous sentence
by the dim and
flaring lamps:
His day is marching
on.
(Chorus)
Glory, glory,
hallelujah!
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Glory, glory,
hallelujah!
Glory, glory,
hallelujah!
His day is marching
on.
In the beauty of the
lilies Christ was born
across the sea,
With a glory in His
bosom that
transfigures you and
me:
As He died to make
men holy, let us die
to make men free,
While God is
marching on.