Transcript 3--Behind_the_War - IB-History-of-the-Americas

NCSCOS Goal 3
War Begins
-Election of 1860
Lincoln Elected
-Secession of lower states
SC, AL, GA, LA, TX, MS, FL
-Confederate States of
America
-Firing on Ft. Sumter
US fort in SC, CSA fires
after Lincoln tries to
resupply fort
Lincoln calls for troops from
all states in the Union
-Virginia Secedes followed by
Ark., NC, and Tenn.
-11 States Leave Union
Modern War
-Uses both old and new methods
of war
-Cavalry, Muzzle Rifles,
Battlefield Formations
- Railroads, telegraph, drafts,
submarines, armored ships,
observation balloons
First Ironclads:
Monitor (US) and Merrimac
(CS)
Meet at sea and Monitor wins
Smoke Stake
from
the
CSS Virginia
The wreck of the famous Civil War ship,
the USS Monitor, lies 230 feet below the
surface of the ocean, off the coast of North
Carolina, in the Monitor National Marine
Sanctuary.
March 9th, 1862, the Monitor and the
Merrimack met in a battle off the coast
of Virginia. After several hours of
fighting, the Merrimack withdrew with
neither ship suffering much damage.
Eventually, the South blew up the
Merrimack to keep it from falling into
enemy hands, and the Monitor sank
during a storm. While the two ships
met only once, their battle marked a
new ear in US naval war.
Strategy-Union
-Constrictor / Anaconda Plan
developed by Winfield Scott
- Divide the south through the
Mississippi and control access
to its ports
Three Parts
1) Control Mississippi River
(cuts CSA in half)
2) Blockade the South
3) Capture Richmond
(CSA capital)
General Winfield Scott
Founder of Anaconda
Plan
Strategy-Confederacy
- Defensive battle
Prepare and wait
Works well for South for the
first two years of the war
Every time Lee tries to go on
offensive, he loses
Confederate Goal: To Protect Richmond
Seen Above in a Period Drawing
Sir Arthur Fremantle
A British Soldier
observing the
Confederacy during the
Battle of Gettysburg
-European recognition
Want help from Britain and
France
The only thing that is keeping
them from joining for South is
SLAVERY
Advantages-Union
-Most of the population
-Large advantages in resources
More supplies, more railroads,
more telegraph lines
-Most of the transportation and
industry
General Robert E. Lee
Overall Commander of
Confederate Army
2nd
in class at West Point
without any demerits
Advantages-Confederacy
-Defending their homes
Offered command of Union
Army, but declined due to
loyalty to Virginia
-Strong sectional pride
LT. General Stonewall Jackson
Considered by many historians
to be the most gifted tactical
commander of the Civil War
- Better military tradition and
leadership
Lt. General James Longstreet
Lee’s Second in Command
54th of 56th in class at West Point
Developed Idea of Trench Warfare
- Better trained generals (Lee,
Jackson, Longstreet, Stuart)
Government Powers
- Both sides had to increase central
government powers
- Raise an army
Drafts
New York Draft Riots
-Supply armies
Take food at expense of citizens –
South suffers most
-Finance the war
Collect taxes
-Suppress any opposition
- Copperheads:
Northern Democrats who oppose
the war
Immigrants in New York riot against the draft,
killing as many as 300 free blacks.
“Your letter shows you to be a cowardly traitor. No traitor can be my friend; if you cannot
renounce your allegiance to the Copperhead scoundrels and own your allegiance to the
Government which has always protected you, you are my enemy, and I wish you were in
the ranks of my open, avowed, and manly enemies, that I might put a ball through your
black heart, and send your soul to the Arch Rebel himself.”
A Union Soldier in Response to a Copperhead Friend
Raising Armies
Bounty Jumpers were men
that enlisted in the Union
army during the Civil War
only to collect a bounty and
then leave. Bounty jumpers
commonly enlisted
numerous times in the army,
collecting many bounties
-Northern Advantage
-Volunteers at first
-Drafts begin
-riots
-bounties paid
Money paid to soldiers to
fight; shopped around for
highest bounties before
A Draftee could gain an
exemption by paying a
fee of $300 or by hiring
a substitute. The
obvious inequity of this
provision prompted the
cry of "rich man's war,
but poor man's fight."
joining
-substitution possible
-many volunteers
Supplying Armies
-Northern Advantage
-Industrial Capacity
Some Northern merchants
were profiteers
-Transportation Capabilities
-Financial Centers
-Foraging the land
South had to search for food
-Shortages
Bread lines in South
“The whole of the laws which I was sworn to execute
were being resisted...in nearly one-third of the
states. Must I have allowed them to finally fail of
execution?... Are all the laws but one, the writ of
habeas corpus, to go unexecuted, and the
government itself...go to pieces, lest that one be
violated?”
Abraham Lincoln
War Politics
-War to Preserve Union
Lincoln’s official stance
-Civil rights were restricted
Habeas Corpus Suspended
Lincoln would put people in jail
Accused
Confederate spy,
Rose Greenhow,
and her daughter
in Old Capitol
Prison in
Washington. She
was held there
from 1861-1862.
She drowned
when a blockade
runner she
traveled on ran
aground off the
coast of NC. She
drowned with
$2,000.00 worth of
gold for the
Confederate
Treasury sewn
into her dress.
without proper trial if seen as
enemies of Union
-Emancipation Debated
Needed higher cause
(Would also keep South from
getting foreign help)
-Emancipation Proclamation
Jan. 1, 1863
Only frees slaves in states of
rebellion
“My paramount objective in this struggle is
to save the Union, and is not either to save
or destroy slavery. If I could save the
Union without freeing any slave, I would do
it; and if I could save it by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it…”
Abraham Lincoln
Others in the War
-African Americans
Robert Gould Shaw and
the 54th Massachusetts
Segregated Forces
54th Massachusetts
Unit of African Americans
Most killed at Fort Wagner
-Women
Nursing
Clara Barton
Founder of the Red Cross
“The only regiment I ever looked upon during the war
was the 54th Massachusetts on its departure for the
South. I can never forget the scene as Colonel Shaw
rode at the head of his men. The very flower of grace
and chivalry, he seemed to me beautiful and awful, as
an angel of God come down to lead the host of
freedom to victory."
John Greenleaf Whittier
Canada in the Civil War
• Opposed to slavery but ended up
supporting the South
• Underground Railroad
• Important terminal to find freedom
• Trent Affair
• Two British diplomats were taken off
the ship; GB sent troops; Lincoln
released the prisoners
• St. Albans Raid
• Montreal was used as a secret base
for Confederates; they robbed 3
banks in Vermont, killed a citizen, and
crossed back to Canada with
$170,000; judge ruled to not send
them back to the US
Canada in the Civil War
• Chesapeake Affair
• Canadian sympathizers
captured a Union ship the
Chesapeake
• They wanted to turn it into
a Confederate blockade
runner
• Union armies tried to
arrest the captures in
Canadian waters (Canada
was neutral)
• The capturers eventually
escaped
Canada in the Civil War
Canadian born Edward P.
Doherty was a Union Army
officer who formed and led the
detachment of Union soldiers
that captured and killed John
Wilkes Booth, the assassin of
Lincoln, in a Virginia barn on
April 26, 1865, twelve days
after Lincoln was fatally shot.
Canadian born Sarah Emma
Edmonds was a noted Union
spy.
At least 29 Canadian-born
men were awarded the Medal
of Honor.
“I think one’s feelings are wasted in words,
they ought all to be distilled into actions
which bring results.”
Florence Nightingale
“I may be compelled to face danger,
but never fear it, and while our
soldiers can stand and fight, I can
stand and feed and nurse them.”
Clara Barton
Soldier’s Lives
-Disillusionment of war
desertion rate increases
(especially in South)
-Filthy conditions
-Poor food
-Bad medical care
1 out of 4 Civil War soldiers died
Mostly from diseases
-Prison camps
Andersonville
Confederate prison camp
CSA could not feed own men
Warden later hanged for war
crimes
Union soldier
on his release
from
Andersonville
in May, 1865
Andersonville, located in Georgia, was the largest of
the camps established during the Civil War. During the
fourteen months it existed, more than 45,000 Union
soldiers were confined there. Of these, almost 13,000
died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition,
overcrowding, or exposure to the elements.
Handicapped by deteriorating economic conditions, an
inadequate transportation system, and the need to
concentrate all available resources on its army, the
Confederate government was unable to provide
adequate housing, food, clothing, and medical care to
their captives.