Transcript Chapter 14 Notes WD

Chapter 14
Two Societies at War
1861-1865
Secession and Military Stalemate, 1861-1862
The Secession Crisis
• The Union collapsed first in South Carolina, the home of John Calhoun, nullification, and
southern rights. Secession December 20, 1860.
The Lower South Secedes
• Southerners organized mobs to attack local Union supporters.
• In early 1861 other states joined SC:
• Confederate States of America; Jefferson Davis
• Less support in four states of Middle South (VA, NC, TN, AK) Why?
• White opinion especially divided in four border states (MD, DE, KY, MO)
• President Buchanan’s timidity prompted SC government to demand the surrender of Fort
Sumter and cut off its supplies.
The Crittenden Compromise
• President Buchanan’s alternative to send the navy to escort a supply ship to Fort
Sumter.
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Protect slavery from federal interference
Extension of Missouri Compromise's line to CA
• Second proposal rejected. Why?
• Lincoln promised to safeguard slavery and prevent its expansion in inaugural
address.
• Hold, occupy, and posses federal property in seceded states
• Military force if necessary
The Upper South Chooses Sides
• The war begins: Lincoln dispatched an unarmed ship to resupply Fort Sumter.
• Effect:
• Eight middle and border states
• 3/4th industrial production
• Over half of food production
• Best military leaders (Colonel Robert E. Lee, VA)
• KY bordered Ohio River
• MD bordered capital on 3 sides
• New Confederate states:
• Union states:
• West Virginia broke away from VA (1863)
Setting War Objectives and Devising Strategies
• Jefferson Davis compared the Confederacy to Patriots of 1776. How?
• Lincoln insisted on aggressive military campaign to restore the Union.
Toward Total War
• The Civil War resembled “total war” that would come in the 20th century.
• Union centralized vs. Confederate (suspicious of central rule)
Mobilizing Armies and Civilians
• Both armies had eager young volunteers
• South: strong military tradition, culture of duty and honor, more trained officers
The Military Draft
• 1862 after Shiloh, the Confederates imposed the first legal American draft.
• 18-35/40 years old
• Existing soldiers• draftees-
• Two draft loopholes
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2.
• Confederate constitution vested sovereignty in individual states
• Effect-
• Confederate congress overrode state judges’ authority to free conscripted men on
the argument of “habeas corpus”
• The Union was more aggressive toward sympathizers.
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Suspended habeas corpus
Imprisoning 15,000
Prevented acquittals by sympathetic local judges
Militia Act of 1862
Bounties
Substitutes or pay
• Immigrant dissent
• Enrollment Act of 1863
• Germans and Irish refused to serve. Why?
• New York City Riot 1863
• German and Irish attacked: police, Republicans,
and African Americans
• Burned: homes, draft offices, black orphanages
• Union troops killed over a hundred rioters
• Medical services
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U.S. Sanitary Commission
Recruit battlefield nurses for Union Army
250,000 Union soldiers died from infections
Confederate conditions were worse
• Death created new industries and cultural rituals
Women in Wartime
• Wage earning work force
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Nurses, clerks, factory operatives
Dorothea Dix (see Chapter 11)
Confederate postal service
Spies, scouts, soldiers
Clara Barton (Union)-
Mobilizing Resources
• Union had greater resources
• Population, transportation, industrial output
• Confederate was substantial (not weak)
• Richmond manufacturing and gun manufacturing
• Rifles purchased from England
• Slaves
• “King Cotton” exports
Republican Economic and Fiscal Policies
• Neo-mercantalist program of government economics.
• Far surpassed Henry Clay’s American System (1816)
• High protective tariff
• Homestead Act• Nationally financed transportation system
• Increased tariffs (20%); bonds (65%); print money (greenbacks 10%)
The South Resorts to Coercion and Inflation
• The Confederacy abandoned its state’s rights philosophy to meet economic
demand.
• 10% taxes; 30% loans, 60% printing money
• High inflation led to starvation and theft
• Had to resort to seizing citizens property
The Turning Point: 1863
Emancipation
• Activists justified black emancipation on military grounds
“Contrabands”
• Congress passed the Confiscation Act (1861)
• Washington D.C. slavery ends (1862)
• Fugitive slave law ends
The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
• Lincoln linked black freedom with the preservation of the Union
• Rebel states could preserve slavery by renouncing secession
• Slavery continued in border states
• What was immediate reaction?
Vicksburg and Gettysburg
• Union victories at Vicksburg (MI) and Gettysburg (PA) marked a major turning
point in the war. Why?
• The British stopped selling weapons to the Confederacy
• King Cotton vs. King Wheat
The Union Victorious, 1864-1865
Soldiers and Strategy
• Two developments allowed the Union to prosecute the war vigorously:
The Impact of Black Troops
• Impact of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry
• 200,000
• Segregated, discrimination
Capable Generals Take Command
• General Ulysses S. Grant’s strategy
• Political Effect:
The Election of 1864 and Sherman’s March
The National Union Party vs. the Peace Democrats
• Republican goals:
• New name to attract Democrats and border states
• Andrew Johnson (running mate)
• Peace Democrats
• “cessation of hostilities”; negotiated a peace settlement
The Fall of Atlanta and Lincoln’s Victory
• National Union Party accused Peace Democrats of being “copperheads”
• Lincoln wins election
• Emancipation in the south:
• 13th Amendment
William Sherman: “Hard War” Warrior
• Sherman’s march in Atlanta
• Field Order No. 15
• March in Columbia, SC
The Confederate Collapse
• Rising resentment among poor whites
• By 1865, 100,000 deserters
• Black participation?
• General Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House in VA
• Farms and plantations ruined and neglected
• 260,000 Confederate soldiers
• 360,000 Union soldiers