Transcript Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that

This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United
States history during the 19th century.
* In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid1800s, including public education, temperance, prison
reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.
* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition
movement.
Reform and Culture
•Abolition
•Women’s Rights
•Education
•Care of the Disabled and Mentally Ill
•Prisons
•Temperance
Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877
Leading African-American
abolitionist,
accomplished orator and
writer
Frederick Douglass
• Key spokesperson for the
19th century women’s
suffrage movement
• Suffrage – right to vote
Susan B. Anthony
• Leader of the 19th century women’s
suffrage movement
• Called for the first convention of women’s
movement in Seneca Falls
• Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments”
which was approved at the Seneca Falls
Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Political: began the
fight for suffrage
• Social: allowed
women to be
successful in other
fields
• Economic: fought for
women’s rights; they
were able to get the
work day reduced to
10 hours a day
Political, Social,
and Economic
Contributions of
Women to
American Society
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Abolitionist movement worked to
end slavery
1807 – Congress banned the
importation of African slaves into
the United States and then
demand began to end slavery
1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists
grew in number
1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist
leaders Frederick Douglass and
Sojourner Truth began to speak
out across the nation; The
Underground Railroad began to
make an impact and the
Women’s Movement joined in
Historical Development of the Abolitionist
Movement
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Public Education
Opening of public schools
Primarily in the North as well as private grade schools and colleges
By churches and other groups
Reform Movements
Temperance
 Organized societies that
worked at trying to stop
the drinking of alcohol
 Some states passed laws
that made it illegal to sell
alcohol
Reform Movements
Women’s Rights
 Well organized groups that fought for
better working conditions for women
 Were able to pass a federal law that
ordered a 10 hour working day
Reform Movements
Prison Reform
– Pushed for separate jails for
women, men, and children
– Called for the mission of
prisons to be rehabilitation
Reform Movements
• Care of the disabled
• Building of new hospitals for
the mentally ill, deaf, and blind
Reform Movements
Second Great Awakening
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Brought more denominations that
intensified the lines between classes and
regions
Spawned many of the humanitarian reform
movements; prison reform, women’s
rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery
Religious Motivation
for Immigration and
Influence on Social
Movements
Transcendentalism
Developments in Art, Music, and
Literature that are Unique to the American
Culture
– An American literary political and
philosophical movement in the early 19th
Century
– These men were critics of their
contemporary society for its unthinking
conformity and urged each individual find
their independent relation to the universe
– Particularly utilizing solitude in nature
Ralph Waldo
Emerson , author
Henry David
Thoreau, author
Nathaniel Hawthorne
– The Scarlet Letter
Emily Dickinson
Walt Whitman
- Leaves of Grass
Developments in Art, Music, and
Literature that are Unique to the
American Culture
Literature
Edgar Allan Poe
• Art – Landscapes
• John James Audubon
• Drew American wildlife
Developments in Art, Music, and
Literature that are Unique to the American
Culture
Hudson River School Artists:
Their paintings depict the American landscape
and reflect three themes of America in the
19th Century:
• Discovery
• Exploration
• Settlement
Albert Bierstadt: The Oregon Trail
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature
that are Unique to the American Culture
MUSIC
(Slave spirituals and gospel music)
“Battle Hymn of the Republic”
• Written at the beginning of the Civil War
• Used music from the abolitionist song, “John Brown’s
Body”
Became a popular Civil War song of the Union
Army
• Still a well-loved patriotic anthem
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to
the American Culture
Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society
Albert Bierstadt’s River Landscape
Developments in Art, Music, and Literature
that are Unique to the American Culture
– Battle Hymn of the Republic
• Lyrics by Julia Ward Howe
– Dixie
• Lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett
Examples of American Art,
Music, and Literature that Reflect
Literature
– Mark Twain
– Samuel Langhorne Clemens (real name)
– American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
(1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great
American Novel."
Examples of American Art,
Music, and Literature that
Reflects Society
Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of
the United States to expand its borders from “sea
to sea” across the North American continent
1803 – 1850
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Westward Expansion
War with Mexico
Annexation of Texas
Gold Rush
Major Elements of Manifest Destiny
• Created an organized system for
settlement of government lands in the
Northwest Territory
• Had to be at least 5,000 men who
owned at least 50 acres
• 60,000 people
• An existing form of self-government
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny
• Economic:
– New land for farmers
– New trade routes and markets
(Santa Fe Trail)
– New opportunities to start a business
• Political
– Expansion of our nation’s
borders/territories
– Expansion of slavery
• Social
– Removal of Native Americans
– Refuge for persecuted groups
(Mormons)
The United States government and its citizens believed that the
nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea
Relationship Between the
Concept of Manifest Destiny and
the Westward Growth of the
Nation
• Annexation of Texas
• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans
• Causes:
– President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)
– Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was
claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)
Causes of the
United States-Mexican War
Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War
• Effects and Impact
– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
(1848) ends the war
• Grants the United States
the Mexican territory of
New Mexico, Arizona and
California
– United States paid Mexico
$10 million for the Gadsden
Purchase to help repay
Mexico for the annexation
of Texas in 1845
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loyalty to the interests of one's own region
or section of the country, rather than to
the country as a whole
Regions: North, South, West, Slave States,
Free States
States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska
Cities: Washington, D.C.
Sectionalism
• Gold in California
– Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American
Indians off their lands; population of California quickly
rises to the amount required for statehood
• California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean
– Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations
• Rocky Mountains
– Location between eastern and western parts of the
United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden
Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods
from East to West
Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement
Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US
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Sponsored by Henry Clay
Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a
slave state
Allowed Maine to enter as a free state
Missouri Compromise, 1820
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Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs
In 1832, a lower tariff was passed
− Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun
− South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders
− Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede
from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties
− To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833
− The Government lowers the tariff and backs down
Nullification Crisis, 1828
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Sponsored by Henry Clay
Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)
The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people
(popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)
Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC
Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)
INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law
− Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the
North because they felt it was immoral)
Compromise of 1850
Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of
popular sovereignty
− That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they
would be Free or Slave
Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854
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South Carolina Senator
Favored states’ rights
Led opposition in South Carolina to the
protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of
Abominations)
John C. Calhoun
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Senator from Kentucky
known as “The Great Compromiser” for
his ability to smooth sectional conflict
through balanced legislation
Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in
1820
• Admitted Missouri as a slave state
• Admitted Maine as a free state
Henry Clay
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Senator from Massachusetts
Known as “The Great Orator”
Worked to create compromises with the
southern states that would delay the start
of the Civil War
Daniel Webster
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of
America
Roles Played by Significant Individuals During
the Civil War
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Commander of the Union Army
September 1861; he was promoted as a general
After a series of victories, including the capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of
the Union Army
He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own
assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia
Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.
Ulysses S. Grant
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When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces but Lee refused
Resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces
In 1862, Lee was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia
His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow
strategy centered on his native Virginia
He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865
Robert E. Lee
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Congressional Medal of Honor recipient
Served with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War
He was the first black soldier to receive the award
− Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the
flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back
he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded
William Carney
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Born in Chile, South America
Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy
Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War
− Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865
− As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore
− Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the
battle
− He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet
Philip Bazar
Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns
In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early
1800s.
Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often
conflicted.
Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections
Sectionalism
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Firing on Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor
Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War
April 12, 1861
P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate
Major Robert Anderson, Union
Major Events of the Civil War
• The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.
• 75-day siege
• Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant
Siege of Vicksburg
Changes the nature of the war
No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union
Now became a war to free the slaves
The proclamation freed only the slaves in the
rebelling territories
• Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of
Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
• Went into law January 1, 1863
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• April 14, 1865
• Shot by John Wilkes Booth
− Actor
− Southern sympathizer
− Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won
• Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC
Assassination of Lincoln
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Robert E. Lee – Leader of the Confederate Army
Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army
Lee surrendered to Grant
Brings the Civil War to a close
April 9, 1865
Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court
House