Transcript Chapter 4: The Civil War

August 24, 2015
Bell Work
• In what year did the Civil
War officially begin?
Objectives
• Contrast the resources and
strategies of the North and
South.
• Describe the outcomes and
effects of early battles.
Chapter 4:
The Civil War
Section 1: Resources, Strategies, and Early Battles
Pg. 104-110
Union vs. Confederacy
• Population = 22 million
• Population: 9 million
•
3.5 million of which = slaves
• Coal and iron mines, silver
and gold in the West
• Strong military tradition
• Manufacturing
• Only had to defend
• 22,000 miles of railroad track
• Fighting for survival
• Established government
• Well organized navy
• Soldiers are only enlisted for 3
months
Strategies
• Union
• The Anaconda Plan
• Winfield Scott (US
Commander)
• Blockade southern
ports
• Control the Mississippi
River (splitting CSA in
half)
• Confederacy
• Preserve small armies
• Damage Union’s will to
fight
• Seek foreign support
(France and Britain)
• Cotton diplomacy
Lincoln Avoids Slavery Issue
• Border states- middle area states where slavery existed
but still belong to the Union
• Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland
• Lincoln doesn’t want to abolish slavery
• Border states are vital
Early Battles
• Bull Run (Manassas, Virginia)
• July 1861
• USA General: Irwin McDowell
• 35,000 men
• CSA General: Beauregard and Stonewall Jackson
• 22,000 men
• Outcome
• Jackson wins the battle, CSA victory
• First battle of Civil War
• McDowell is replaced with USA General George McClellan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxX4B
o6yG38
Early Battles
• Tennessee
• Ulysses S. Grant- USA General in the West
• Feb. 1862- captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
• “immediate and unconditional surrender”
• Battle of Shiloh (Tennessee)
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April 1862
25,000 US and CS troops die (in two days)
Union victory
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/shiloh/
Damaged Grant’s reputation
maps/battle-of-shiloh-animated.html
• New Orleans
• US Navy under David Farragut, April 1862
• Sailed through Gulf of Mexico and US captures New Orleans
• Unable to control Mississippi River
Early Battles
• Southwest
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Some fighting in New Mexico- US victory
Union sides with Cheyenne, Cherokee
Confederacy sides with Choctaw, Creek, and Cherokee
Ironclads
• US-Monitor
• CS- Virginia
• March 1862- nobody wins
• Signals the end of wooden ship warfare
Stalemate in the East
• Lincoln and McClellan
• McClellanVery cautious, wants to be fully prepared
before attacking Richmond, VA
• Peninsular campaign
• Seven Days Battle (June 26-July 2, 1862)
• McClellan outnumbers Lee  Lee Wins, CS victory
• McClellan is replaced
• Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
• Stonewall Jackson devastates the Union
• CS victory
• Lincoln reinstates McClellan
http://www.historyanimated.com/Pen
Animation.html
August 25, 2015
Bell Work
Objectives
• In the Civil War, which side
had the largest population?
• Analyze Lincoln’s motives
for issuing the Emancipation
Proclamation.
• Assess the roles of black
Americans in the war.
Chapter 4:
The Civil War
Section 2: African Americans and the War
Push Toward Emancipation
• Abolitionists push to end slavery
• Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison
• Slavery is unpopular in Europe
• When US captures slaves
• Benjamin Butler puts them to manual labor
• They were contraband- captured supplies
• John Fremont declares slaves to be free
• Lincoln reverses order to keep border states
Lincoln’s Plan
• Wants to declare slaves free but needs to win a battle
• Battle of Antietam (September 1862)
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Lee hopes to start a rebellion against US, gain CS support
“Proclamation to the People of Maryland”
Union finds Lee’s battle plans
Sharpsburg, Maryland
The bloodiest single day of the Civil War
• 23,000 wounded or dead
• Union victory
• Lincoln can free the slaves
Emancipation at Last
• Emancipation Proclamation- September 22, 1862
• Freed all enslaved people in states of rebellion as of 1-11863
• `Does not abolish all slavery (border states keep slavery)
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Republicans- Lincoln didn’t go far enough
Democrats- Lincoln went too far
Redefined the war- “about slavery”
Ended all hopes of negotiating with the CSA
• Militia Act
• Allows blacks to serve in the military
• 2 months before emancipation, active recruitment
African Americans Join the Fight
• 54th Massachusetts Regiment
• All black regiment
• Honored for bravery- Congressional Medal of Honor
• 180,000 African Americans served the US
• 70,000 died
• Often assigned menial tasks
• Put in dangerous positions
• Enslaved blacks help the cause
• Organized military units, fed the troops, spied
August 26, 2015
Bell Work
• After what major battle, did
Abe Lincoln issue the
Emancipation
Proclamation?
Objectives
• Analyze how war changed
society.
• Discuss how the soldiers
experienced war.
• Explain the impact of the
war on women
Chapter 4:
The Civil War
Section 3: Life During the War (pg. 117-122)
Home Front in the North
• Income tax:
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Tax was 3% on income over $800
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Raised revenue for the government
• Raised tariffs
• Government bonds
•
Make a small purchase and get more money later
• Legal Tender Act of 1862
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Treasury issues paper money- “greenbacks”
Establishes national currency
• Homestead Act of 1862
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Made land in the West very cheap
Railroad goes through Union territory
Home Front in the North
• Conscription- the draft
• Starts in 1863
• White men ages 20-45
• Can pay $300 to hire replacement
• New York Draft Riot of July 1863
• Poor white men go on rampage, attacked blacks
• “Peace Democrats”- known as Copperheads
• Opposed Lincoln’s conduct, want fighting to end
• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus
• Protects a person from being held w/out being charged
The Home Front in the South
• Union blockades the South
• “Blockade runners”- fast ships
• Must rely on subsistence farming
• Struggles to pay for war
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Southerners resist 10% farm produce tax
South’s wealth tied up in land and slaves
CSA issues paper money (backed by nothing)
Inflation- prices soared as demand rises
• Southern stubbornness
• States don’t cooperate with one another
• Suspend habeas corpus
• Conscription laws
Life of a Soldier
• Camp life
• Writing letters, playing games, religious revivals
• Divided loyalties
• Exchange greetings with the “enemy”
• Death in many forms
• Amputation of limbs, without anesthesia
• Poor drinking water, no sanitation
• Disease
• Starvation
• Andersonville, Georgia prison camp
• African Americans are killed on the spot
Women and the War
• Took over jobs of men
• Some disguised themselves as men and fought
• Nursing
• Clara Barton- traveled with Union army to assist the sick
and wounded
• United States Sanitary Commission
• Women oversee hospitals and sanitation in camps
August 27, 2015
Bell Work
• What was the other name
for a “peace democrat”?
Objectives
• Explain what the Union
gained by capturing
Vicksburg.
• Describe the Battle of
Gettysburg.
• Analyze the Union’s
military advantage.
Chapter 4:
The Civil War
Section 4: Turning Points of the War (pg. 124)
Battle of Vicksburg
• “Vicksburg is the key!”- Abraham Lincoln
• Many failed Union attempts to take Vicksburg
• Grant’s plan (Spring 1863)
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Marched troops south of Vicksburg
Attacks central Mississippi rail lines to distract CSA
Troops move in on Vicksburg
May 22- Vicksburg under siege
• Army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off supplies
• July 4- Vicksburg surrenders
• CSA is divided
http://civilwaranimated.com/Fredericksbur
gAnimation.html
Turning Point in the East
• Lincoln replaces George McClellan
• Wouldn’t pursue retreating Confederates
• Fredericksburg, VA (December 1862)
• US General Ambrose Burnside
• 120,000 troops (Army of the Potomac)
• CS General Robert E. Lee
• 80,000 troops (Army of Northern Virginia)
• Generals James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson
• CS victory (US casualties are double CS casualties)
• Burnside is replaced with Joseph Hooker
• Chancellorsville, VA (Spring 1863)
• CS victory, but lose Stonewall Jackson
• Lee decides to invade the Union
Turning Point in the East
• US troops under command of General George Meade
• Confederates head to Gettysburg (shoe factory)
• July 1, 1863
• CSA Ran into USA cavalry commander John Buford
• First day of fighting – CSA wins
• Union is pushed back into the hills, regroups
• July 2, 1863
• USA has high ground
• CSA divided troops and attacked on two sides
• USA holds high ground, Chamberlain’s bayonet charge
Turning Point in the East
• July 3, 1863
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CSA attacks again
Failure of George Pickett’s charge
50,000 dead or wounded
CSA never attempts to fight on US soil again
• Honoring the dead
• The bloodiest battle ever fought on American soil
• Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863)
• Lincoln dedicates a cemetery to fallen soldiers
Union Presses the Advantage
• Grant marches toward Richmond
• Takes charge of whole Union Army
• Inflict more losses on CSA than they can recover from
• Total war- striking civilian and military targets
• Take away their will to fight
• Sherman’s “March to the Sea”- May 1864
• William Tecumseh Sherman
• 60,000 troops on 250 mile march to Savannah, Georgia
• 60 mile wide path of destruction
Election of 1864
• Lincoln wins reelection
• Defeated George McClellan
• Union victories boosted Lincoln’s popularity
• Destroyed CSA hopes of the US giving in
August 28, 2015
Bell Work
• What was the bloodiest
battle ever fought on
American soil?
Objectives
• Analyze the final events of
the war.
• Explain why the North won.
• Assess the impact of the
war.
Chapter 4:
The Civil War
Section 5: The War’s End and Impact (pg. 134-139)
The War’s Final Days
• General Grant uses siege tactics at Petersburg (March 1865)
• US losses = 40,000
• CS losses = 28,000
• CS can’t replenish fallen soldiers
• Peace delegation (Feb. 1865)
• Peace is off the table because of proposed 13th amendment
• Abolition of slavery
• Lincoln wants unity
• Many want to punish the South
The War’s Final Days
• April 2, 1865- General Lee orders CS to retreat from
Vicksburg
• Appomattox Court House, Virginia
• April 9- Lee formally surrenders to Grant
• It takes a while for news to spread
• “Juneteenth”- the day the news reached the Southwest
The War’s Final Days
• April 14, 1865
• Lincoln attends Ford’s Theater to watch Our American
Cousin
• CS supporter and actor John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln
• “Sic semper tyrannis!” and “the South is avenged”
• Booth is found in a barn, shot and killed
• Plot to kill Lincoln, VP, and Sec. of State
• Hoped to cause chaos, allow South to restart war
Why the North Won
• Greater technology
• Larger population
• Abundant resources
• South’s inability to get European ally
• Leadership of Abraham Lincoln
• Emancipation Proclamation
Lasting Impact
• Over 600,000 Americans died
• Hundreds of thousands are wounded and maimed
• Matthew Brady- photographer who showed the cruelty of
the Civil War
• Gilded Age follows the war
• Industrial boom continues
• US starts to emerge as a global economic power
• Land Grant College Act- gives land to public
universities
War’s Lasting impact
• South is devastated
• Cities lie in ruins
• Northerners blame South for slow recovery
• Many southerners are displaced, homeless
• Black freedom was not fully delivered
• Sectional differences remain
• War cements federal authority
• Federal government starts to play a larger role