Transcript African Americans in the War

NORTH
UNION – FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE
UNION
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Produced 90% of weapons,
cloth, shoes, and iron
Produced half the
countries corn and 80% of
the wheat
Had more railroads, canals,
and roads
Raised more money for the
war.
Spent 2.6 billion on war
SOUTH
CONFEDERACY – FOUGHT TO PRESERVE
THEIR WAY OF LIFE
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Had more rural ways of life
so they were more familiar
with weapons
Had a history of producing
military leaders
Large number of Mexican
War veterans came from
the South
Spent 1 million on the war
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Winfield Scott, veteran
of the Mexican War,
planned a 3 part strategy.
1st Blockade of the
Atlantic and Gulf coasts
of the Confederacy
2nd Capture territory
along the Mississippi
River to cut the south in
two.
3rd Attack from the east
and west.
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Called the Anaconda
Plan because it would
squeeze the Confederacy
like an anaconda.
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Planned to defend their territory until the North
gave up.
Thought they would lose interest
Also thought they would get help from Great
Britain because they need cotton.
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Great Britain had a surplus of cotton
Let them build ships in their ship yard, but sent no
soldiers.
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A lot of confusion because
soldiers were inexperienced.
Union did well at first and the
Confederate soldiers began to
turn back.
The Confederate general told
them to hold their place. That
General was nicknamed
“Stonewall” Jackson because he
and his men stood like a stone
wall against the Union.
Later more Confederate soldiers
arrived and the Union retreated.
High casualties: Union- 3000
Confederate – 2000
Stonewall Jackson went on to
defeat the Union Army in
Virginia and many thought he
could take over Washington D.C.
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Important victory for
the Union.
After the Confederacy
lost this battle Great
Britain ended their
support for the
southern states.
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Rifles could shoot farther and
more accurately
Railroads for transporting
soldiers and supplies
Submarines
Hand-grenades
Ironclad – iron covered ship
Confederates made the first
one called The Virginia
 Union copies and made The
Monitor
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These items caused more
casualties, but medical
advances hadn’t caught up
with these technologies.
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He was a rising star in
the U.S. Army
Lived in Virginia
When Virginia seceded
he decided to fight with
the Confederacy even
though he opposed
slavery.
“I have not been able to
make up my mind to
raise my hand against
my relatives, my
children, my home.”
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Soldiers’ letters and photo by
photographers were the only way the
public knew what was happening
during the war.
Average age of a soldier was 25,
drummers were as young as 12
Food was bad for both sides
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They were given beans, bacon,
pickled beef and salt pork.
Would hunt when they could.
Sometimes raided local farms.
Life was hard even when they were
not in battle
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Might march 25 miles a day carrying
50 lbs of supplies
Got thirsty in summer and cold in
winter
Confederate soldiers wore out their
shoes and fought in their bare feet.
UNION DRAFT
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Union men could pay
$300 to avoid fighting
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Draft was needed on
both sides because fewer
people were volunteering
the longer the war
continued.
CONFEDERATE DRAFT
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Confederate men could
pay someone to take
their place if they owned
20 or more slaves.
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Revolutionary War - 10,600
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Civil War – 1 million
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Disease was the most
common cause of
death.
Doctors didn’t know
about germs and how
to keep wounds from
getting infected.
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Emancipation means to set free
Proclamation means a statement
The Emancipation Proclamation
was a statement that freed all the
slave in the Confederate states at
war with the Union.
Lincoln said, “I never in my life
felt more certain that I was doing
right.”
It didn’t end slavery in border
states or in Confederate states
that the Union already
controlled.
Fredrick Douglass encouraged
African Americans to assist the
Union in war.
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At the beginning of the war
they were not allowed to
join the army.
They did serve as cooks,
servants, and other
workers.
In 1862, they were allowed
to join the Union Army
They were not treated the
same as whites however.
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Received less pay
Had to purchase their own
uniform
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One of the first black regiments.
They led an attack on Fort Wagner in
South Carolina.
They bravely charged the fort.
Sergeant William Carney was seriously
wounded yet he never dropped the
regiment’s flag. He won the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
They lost the battle, but their bravery
changed the minds of many
Northerners who doubted the abilities
of the black soldiers.
Nearly 200,000 black soldier fought for
the Union
37,000 lost their lives.
In 1864 Congress voted to give black
and white soldiers equal pay.
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Women helped may was
during the war
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Worked in offices and
became teacher
Ran farms and
businesses
Protested the rise in
food prices
Sewed clothing
Rolled bandages
Sold personal
possessions
Sent any food they could
spare to the armies
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Nicknamed “La Belle
Rebelle”
Famous Confederate spy
Was caught six time
spying
Once communicated
with a Confederate by
hiding messages inside
rubber balls and
throwing them out of
her cell window.
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“Angel of the
Battlefield”
Cared for wounded
soldiers
Organized the
American Association
of the Red Cross in
1881
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Disguised herself as a
man so that she could
fight in the Union
Army.
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By 1863 both sides were tired of the war.
They lacked supplies, pay was delayed, sleeping
in the rain, and deaths of friends and family were
taking their toll on the soldiers.
Soldiers were refusing to go to war and leaving
their military duties on both sides.
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Fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Farthest north the Confederate forces had
advanced
Began on July 1, 1863
Confederates pushed the Union back on the
first day
More Union soldiers arrived on the second
day and they held their ground.
On July 3rd more that 150 Confederate
cannons fired at the Union and they fired
back with their cannons. It could be heard
140 miles away.
General George Pickett’s Confederate
troops charged into the open spaces toward
the Union troops. This was called “Pickett’s
Charge”. More that 5000 Confederate
soldiers were killed or wounded.
Important victory for the Union because it
stopped the Confederate advance and sent
them back to Virginia
Casualties: Union – 23,000
Confederate – 28,000
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Gettysburg Battlefield
was turned into a
national cemetery to
honor the men that died
there.
President Lincoln gave a
speech at the ceremony
now called the
Gettysburg Address
Said that a united nation
and slavery were worth
fighting for,
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Gettysburg began a series
of victories for the Union.
Union needed control of
Vicksburg, MS to cut the
Confederacy in two.
Union forces led by Ulysses
S. Grant blockaded the city
and then began firing on
the city by land and sea for
48 days.
On July 4, 1863, the day
after the surrender of
Gettysburg, the
southerners surrendered
Vicksburg.
The South was cut in half
just as they planned.
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General William Tecumseh Sherman
marched his Union army toward Atlanta,
GA and overtook the city on Sept. 2,
1864.
Sherman practiced total war(to destroy
not just the opposing army, but the
people’s will to fight)and destroyed the
city of Atlanta.
In November, his army moved southeast
to Savannah, GA destroying anything in
their path.
Caused 100 million dollars worth of
damage on Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
Savannah fell without a fight.
Sherman’s army joined Grant’s and they
were closing in on Lee’s army in Virginia.
On April 3,1865 the captured Richmond,
the Confederates capital.
Generals Grant and Lee met at
Appomattox Court House in Virginia to
discuss the terms of surrender on April 9,
1865.
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Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated(the murder
of a government or
political leader)on April
14th, 1865
John Wilkes Booth shot
him.
A funeral train carried
his body to his
hometown in
Springfield, IL.
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Vice President from
Tennessee becomes
President
Plans to carry out
Lincoln’s reconstruction
plan:
End slavery throughout
the nation-Thirteenth
Amendment
 Readmit the former
Confederate states
 Allowed black codes
 Complete by 1865
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Congress passed the
Reconstruction Act in
1867
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Gave African
American men the
right to vote
Confederate officers or
leaders could not vote
or hold office
Set up the Freedmen’s
Bureau-helped the
former slaves
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In 1870, Hiram Revels
was elected to the
Senate seat in
Mississippi.
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In 1874, Blanche Bruce
was also elected to the
Senate.
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Didn’t like the Northerners
that were moving to the
south (Carpetbaggers)
Didn’t like the changes that
the Reconstruction
brought. Southerners that
supported Reconstruction
were called scalawags.
Didn’t like the rights given
to African Americans and
some formed the Ku Klux
Klan.
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South must accept two new
amendments to be
readmitted.
The Fourteenth Amendment
– Gave African Americans
citizenship and said that laws
must protect all citizens
equally.
The Fifteenth Amendment –
Gave all make citizens the
right to vote.
Johnson fought the 14th
Amendment and the
Reconstruction laws
Congress wanted to
impeach(remove from
office)Johnson.
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All former Confederate
states were readmitted
by 1870.
New laws were passed
that took away rights
of African Americans
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Poll taxes to vote
Reading tests to vote
Jim Crow laws –
separated African
Americans and whites
in public places
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Rented land from white
landowners
Paid their rent with a
portion of their crop.
Used the rest of their
crop to pay for food,
clothing and equipment.
Usually the costs were
higher than the pay their
received for their crops.
SUCCESSES
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Public school system was
established.
Industries were
expanded.
FAILURES
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South remained the
poorest section of the
country.
African Americans lost
their political power.
Blacks continued to
perform the same labor
as they did as slaves.