Transcript The American Civil War (1861

The Cost of the Industrial Revolution
In the late 1800’s, the Industrial Revolution tore
one country completely apart. An estimated 1
million people died. Brother fought brother,
towns and cities were burned to the ground,
families destroyed, millions of homes lost, and
millions of people rendered destitute (poor),
without homes, jobs, money or food.
The Cost of the Industrial Revolution
What country was this?
The United States of
America
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
What caused the American Civil War?
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1800 - Slavery was on its way out compared to the value of what they could
produce, it was expensive to maintain
slaves. Cotton, the main crop of the
American South, was a difficult crop to
process; its fiber could only be separated
from the sticky, embedded seeds by hand,
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
What changed this situation?
The Industrial
Revolution.
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How was the Industrial
Revolution
responsible for starting the
American Civil War?
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The invention of two
new machines,
combined with coal
powered engines.
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To
this
by
1840
.
The Cotton Gin
From this in 1800..
The Cotton Gin
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Add to that Looms that went from
to
this…
thi
s
The Loom – producing high quality cloth cheaply and quickly
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The massive new Looms needed
massive new Cotton Gin’s, which
meant massive amounts of cotton
were now sought, thus the south
needed slaves to grow and pick
cotton, like never before.
Thousands of new slaves were
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The cotton gin transformed the slave South
completely, as plantation owners abandoned other
crops in favor of the newly profitable cotton. To raise
more cotton, planters purchased more slaves from
Africa and the West Indies before the slave trade was
banned in 1808. Thousands of blacks were brought into
the United States during these few years to tend to
cotton fields. The size of plantations increased from
small to huge farms with several hundred slaves each.
Because the entire Southern economy became
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Year
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
Cotton (bales)
3,135
73,145
177,638
334,378
731,452
1,346,232
2,133,851
3,837,402
Census Year # of Slaves
1790
697,681
1800
893,602
1810
1,191,362
1820
1,538,022
1830
2,009,043
1840
2,487,355
1850
3,204,313
1860
3,953,760
1870
0
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Cotton production skyrocketed and this in turn
led to an equally dramatic increase in the number
of slaves. Cotton became the premier American
export; the American Journal of Science and Arts,
states that “the whole domestic exports of the
United States in 1825 were valued at 66,940,000
dollars, of which value, 36,846,000 was in cotton
only.” This means that over half of America’s
export at this time was cotton.
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Within several decades of the
cotton gin’s introduction, the
economy of South, depended
upon cotton, which depended on
millions of slaves.
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In 1860 South, 1% were considered
rich, 5% middle class, the rest, were
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Slavery in the North ended by
1804, as all the states from
Pennsylvania north, abolished
slavery. In the cotton-producing
regions of the South, over 50% of
the population was slaves.
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The South made a decision to
turn its back on the Industrial
Revolution and not only stay “in
the past” but to increase its
agricultural roots and expand its
“Plantation” industry.
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The South’s 1%
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Cotton culture did not stimulate urban growth, the
South
remained a overwhelmingly rural region.
Cotton culture did not stimulate industry. Only 15% of
American factories were located in the South in 1860,
and they tended to be less productive and smaller than
northern ones.
Cotton production did not help spark the growth of
cities or modern industry. Only a very small part of the
population (less than 1%) in the south was getting rich.
This doomed the region to poverty and
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Seeing that the North with
more states and more
population would soon vote to
end slavery throughout the
country, in 1860 the South
seceded from The American
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The Industrial Revolution,
responsible for starting the
American Civil War, was also
responsible for determining the
outcome before it started.
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When war broke out in 1861, both sides thought
they would win quickly and easily. The Union had
experience and international recognition, a robust
industrial economy, a strong federal government,
twice the population of the South, and twice as many
young men for its army.
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The new Confederacy had cotton, had much better
military commanders, and believed it could bring
Britain into the war on its side. Just as important,
however, was the South’s feeling of righteousness
that followed secession: Southerners felt they were
carrying on the tradition of overthrowing tyrannous
governments that the founding fathers of the United
States had begun. In addition, Southern soldiers,
fighting on their home territory, also had an intense
desire to fight to protect their homes and families
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Rating the North & the South
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Railroad Lines, 1860
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Resources: North & the South
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The Union & Confederacy in 1861
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Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
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 Union forces established a blockade of Confederate ports designed to
prevent the export of cotton and the smuggling of war material into
the Confederacy.
 This blockade was created with Union ships.
 Prevented Confederate access to weapons that the industrialized North
could produce for itself.
 Called the “Anaconda Plan”, as it resembled a large snake circled
around the South’s access to the Ocean.
Union Blockade
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Union Blockade
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Inflation in the South during the war
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Why we fight,
North and South.
Video
Technology
 Rifled Muskets
 Railroads
 Steam-powered ships
 Rifled Artillery
 Ironclads
 Submarines
 Mines
 Telegraph
 Balloons
Technology: Rifled Muskets
 Most American units in the
Mexican War had smoothbore
muskets and the lessons of the
rifle in the Crimean War
escaped most observers
 By the time of the Civil War,
the rifled musket and the
Minie ball caused a change in
military tactics
 The smoothbore musket had a
range of 100 to 200 yards
 The new rifle was effective
from 400 to 600 yards
Technology: Rifled Muskets
 The defense gained strength relative to the offense
 Artillery lost its ability to safely advance close to the
enemy and breach holes in defenses
 Close-order formations became dangerously
vulnerable
Technology: Rifled Muskets
 Consequently, frontal
assaults proved disastrous

Fredericksburg, Pickett’s
Charge, Kennesaw Mountain
 Most significant artillery
engagements were defensive

Malvern Hill
 Armies became expert at
building breastworks

Spotsylvania Courthouse
Federal breastworks at Gettysburg
Technology: Railroads
 Seeking to gain
the benefits of
interior lines,
commanders
will make the
Civil War the
first great
railroad war
Exterior
Lines
Interior
Lines
Technology: Railroads
 Although
geography would
seem to favor the
Confederate
ability to gain
interior lines,
superior Federal
railroads gave the
Federals a strong
advantage.
Technology: Rifled Artillery
 Prior to the Civil War, there had not been a single
instance in which cannon and mortar had
breached heavy masonry walls at ranges beyond
1,000 yards
 After the War of 1812, General Simon Bernard
began devising a plan for a system of 26 forts from
which to defend the American coastline
 The Bernard system was built on the assumption
that masonry forts could absorb a pounding
 The advent of rifled artillery would change that
assumption
Rifled Artillery: Fort Pulaski
 Fort Pulaski sat on Cockspur Island where it
defended the mouth of the Savannah River
 It had brick walls which were seven and a half
feet thick and 35 feet high
 Federal forces occupied Tybee Island, over a
mile away from Fort Pulaski
 General Robert E. Lee advised the Confederate
commander the Federals could “make it pretty
warm for you here with shells, but they cannot
breach your walls at that distance.”
Rifled Artillery: Fort Pulaski
 On Apr 10, 1862 Federal
Captain Quincy Gillmore
began bombarding Fort
Pulaski with batteries
that included nine rifled
cannons
 During a 30 hour
bombardment Gillmore
breached Fort Pulaski’s
walls and compelled the
Confederates to
surrender
Rifled Artillery: Fort Pulaski
 Gillmore noted that his success represented “the first




example, in actual warfare, of the breaching power of rifled
ordnance at long range”
The implications were disastrous for the Confederacy
whose coastal defense system was built around forts such as
Fort Pulaski
First, Hatteras Inlet had demonstrated that steam power
had reversed the historic balance between ship and fort
Now, Fort Pulaski had shown the vulnerability of masonry
to rifled artillery
One observer concluded, “An entire defense system, which
had taken nearly fifty years to perfect, was made obsolete in
less than two days”
Technology: Ironclads
 What were the ironclads?
 Basically, an "ironclad" was a steam-propelled
warship fitted with plates of iron armor. The steampropelled ironclads of the 1800s led directly to the
warships of today.
 Early in the war, the Confederacy began to build an
ironclad from the partially scuttled USS Merrimack
 The Federals soon followed with the Monitor
Peninsula Campaign: Ironclads
 After the Confederates
converted the old USS
Merrimack into an
ironclad, they
rechristened it the CSS
Virginia
 It’s walls contained 24
inches of oak and pine
timbers which were
then covered with four
inches of armor plating
Peninsula Campaign: Ironclads
 The presence of the Virginia posed a serious threat
to the Federal fleet
 On March 8, the Virginia made its trial run and
wreaked havoc among the five Federal blockade
ships anchored in Hampton Roads
 As the tide ebbed, the Virginia withdrew to deeper
waters, intending to finish her work the next day
Peninsula Campaign: Ironclads
 By then however, the Federal
ironclad, the Monitor, had
arrived on the scene
 The two fought to a tactical
draw, but again the Virginia
had to withdraw to deeper
waters giving the Monitor a
strategic victory
 The Virginia remained a
threat, but fears that she
would single-handedly
destroy the Federal fleet were
now abated
Technology: Ironclads
 Eventually the South would build 21 ironclads while
the North built 58. The ships built by the north were
larger and carried more guns.
 Ironclads made wooden ships extremely vulnerable
and caused a revolution in naval warfare
 Ironclads were crucial in running past the Vicksburg
batteries.
Technology: Submarines
 The Confederacy experimented with submarines
 The most famous was the H. L. Hunley, a 40 foot
long, 3.5 foot wide, and 4 foot deep submarine
 Designed for a crew of nine

One man to steer and the other eight to power the vessel
by hand-turning a crankshaft that moved the propeller
 In spite of sinking twice and drowning 13 men
including its builder Horace L. Hunley, the Hunley
received a third crew of volunteers
Submarines: Charleston
 On the night of February 17, 1864, the Hunley
approached the 1,934-ton screw sloop Housatonic off
the coast of Charleston
 The Housatonic spotted the Hunley and engaged her
with small arms and tried to escape, but it was too
late
 The Hunley exploded its 130-pound spar torpedo,
and the Housatonic became the first ship in the
history of naval warfare to be sunk by a submarine
 The blast however likely damaged the Hunley as well
and she sunk while returning to shore
Technology: Mines
 In the Confederate withdrawal up the Virginia
Peninsula in 1862, Brigadier General Gabriel Rains
placed several primed artillery shells in abatis to
slow the Federal pursuit
 This initiation of the use of land mines touched off
several ethical debates
 Many Federals and Confederates considered such
tactics “barbaric”
 Accordingly, Rains was assigned to develop the new
technology for river and coastal defenses where it
was considered more ethical
Mines: Mobile Bay
 To help narrow the channel at Mobile Bay the
Confederates emplaced 180 “torpedoes,” submerged
mines fitted with percussion caps or fulminate of
mercury fuses that were rigged to detonate upon
contact with a ship’s hull
 After his lead ship struck a mine, Federal Admiral
David Farragut took charge saying, “I shall lead,” he
said. “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead.”
 Torpedoes were essential to Confederate coastal and
river defenses where the Federal Navy had a clear
advantage
Mines: USS Cairo
 The Confederates made
extensive use of mines in
defending Vicksburg
 On Dec 12, 1862 the USS
Cairo became the first
vessel sunk by an
electronically detonated
torpedo
Technology: Telegraph
 The telegraph allowed both operational and
strategic communications
 Operators could hook insulated wire into existing
trunk lines to reach into the civilian telegraph
network, and extend communications from the
battlefield to the rear areas
 The telegraph allowed the administrations and
War Departments in Washington and Richmond to
communicate directly with their commanders in
the field
Technology: Balloons
 Thaddeus Sobieski Constantine Lowe beat out
several competitors to become the head of the US
Balloon Corps
 On June 18, 1861 he sent President Lincoln the
first telegraph message from the air during a
demonstration flight
 Lowe brought seven balloons into service,
sometimes flew off of an old coal barge as an
“aircraft carrier,” and developed field generators to
provide his hydrogen, which allowed the balloons
to fly.
Balloons: Peninsula Campaign
 During the Peninsula
Campaign, Lowe
ascended above the
battlefield in a balloon
and used the telegraph
to relay his
observations to eagerly
awaiting Federal
commanders like
George McClellan
Lowe ascending in the Intrepid
to observe the battle of Fair
Oaks
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Rifling
Weapons Video
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New Combat Weapons
Weapons Video
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The Progress of War: 1861-1865
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Battle of Gettysburg
This most famous and most important Civil War Battle occurred
over three hot summer days, July 1 to July 3, 1863, around the
small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It began as a
skirmish but by its end involved over 160,000 Americans.
Before the battle, major cities in the North such as Philadelphia,
Baltimore and even Washington were under threat of attack from
General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia
which had crossed the Potomac River and marched into
Pennsylvania.
The Union Army of the Potomac under its very new and untried
commander, General George G. Meade, marched to intercept Lee.
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Battle of Gettysburg
On Tuesday morning, June 30, an infantry brigade of Confederate
soldiers searching for shoes headed toward Gettysburg. The
Confederate commander looked through his field glasses and
spotted a long column of Federal cavalry heading toward the
town.
Wednesday morning, July 1, two divisions of Confederates headed
back to Gettysburg. They ran into Federal cavalry west of the town
at Willoughby Run and the skirmish began. Events would quickly
escalate.
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The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg Video
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Gettysburg Casualties
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Casualties at Gettysburg totaled 23,049 for the Union (3,155
dead, 14,529 wounded, 5,365 missing). Confederate casualties
were 28,063 (3,903 dead, 18,735 injured, and 5,425 missing),
more than a third of Lee’s army.
These irreplaceable losses to the South’s largest army,
combined with the Confederate surrender of Vicksburg,
Mississippi, on July 4, marked what is the turning point in the
Civil War, although the conflict would continue for nearly two
more years and witness several more major battles.
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The North
Initiates the
Draft, 1863
The North
could find
more
troops, the
South could
not.
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Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other
Wars
Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
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Casualties on Both Sides
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Census Year # of Slaves
1790
697,681
1800
893,602
1810
1,191,362
1820
1,538,022
1830
2,009,043
1840
2,487,355
1850
3,204,313
1860
3,953,760
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Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
After Gettysburg the War continued on for two more years.
Interestingly, the South won many of the battles. Question: Why
did this not matter.
Finally, on April 8th, 1865, General Lee surrenders. The North has
won the war.
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For decades after, the South, and it’s
people, white and black, would suffer
for their turning away from the
modern age. Poverty, lack of
education, disease, hatred, among
many others, would be their legacy.
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April 12, 1861
April 9, 1865