Transcript Robert E. Lee - Thomas C. Cario Middle School

The American Civil War
1861-1865
1860
Election
Results
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
An Unsettled Time
(December 1860-April 1861)
• 1. Within 6 weeks after South Carolina’s
secession, five other states followed
her lead.
• 2. South Carolina sent a delegation to
Washington to negotiate the transfer of
all federal property, including forts.
• 3. In February 1861, the seceded states
formed the Confederate States of
America.
The Confederate Seal
MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”
Jefferson Davis
• President of the Confederate
States of America
• Davis failed to raise sufficient
money to fight the American
Civil War and could not obtain
recognition and help for the
Confederacy from foreign
governments.
Jefferson Davis
• Davis was responsible for the
raising of the formidable
Confederate armies.
• He was also responsible for the
notable appointment of
General Robert E. Lee as
commander of the Army of
Virginia.
Robert E. Lee
A Northern View of Jefferson
Davis
Abraham Lincoln
• On January 1, 1863, he issued
the Emancipation Proclamation
that declared forever free those
slaves within the Confederacy.
• Lincoln was the central figure of
the Civil War, and is regarded by
many historians and laymen as
not only the foremost of our
presidents but also the greatest
American of all time.
Abraham Lincoln
• As a commander in chief Lincoln was soon
noted for vigorous measures and often at
odds with the ideas of his military
commanders.
• Lincoln's achievements--saving the Union
and freeing the slaves--and his martyrdom
just at the war's end assured his
continuing fame.
• Appointed Ulysses S. Grant to lead the
Union.
Resources: a comparison
NORTH
– 23 million in 22
states
– 4 million ages 15-40
– 2.4 million mobilized
– Industrial Economy
– 109,000 plants
– 22,000 miles of
integrated railway
SOUTH
– 9 million in 11 states
– 1.14 million age 1540
– 1 million mobilized
– Agricultural
economy
– 31,000 plants
– 9,000 miles of nonuniform railway
Rating the North & the South
Resources: North & South
The Railroad Gap
Union Strategy
• Aggressive offensive to crush
rebellion
– Links economics and combat
• Naval blockade
• Seizure of ports and supplies
• Two armies to constrict
Confederacy
– Only half-heartedly implemented
by Lincoln
General Grant
Union Strategy (cont.)
• Take Richmond
–Thought to be
CSA center of
gravity
• Allow no rest for
Confederates
• Napoleonic tactics
Confederate Strategy
• Defend and delay Union until tires
• Similar tactics of Revolutionary War
Robert E. Lee
– War of attrition
– Foreign support & recognition
• Threaten Washington & defend Richmond
• Lee favored tactical defense
– Dug in regiment ties down division as rest
of forces maneuver and attack
Military Tactics
• Napoleonic tactics invalid due to
advancing technology
– Repeating rifles, rifled cannons, fortifications
– Union continues to use these tactics
• Column of troops w/bayonets fixed on fortified
positions
• Cavalry charges torn apart by longer range rifles
• Caused heavy casualties
• Lee was a master of defense
Military Leadership
• 1,080 officers active
– 286 went South (184 from West Point)
• 900 West Pointers in civilian sector
– 99 joined South
• 55 of 60 largest battles were led by West
Point graduates
• Three most qualified Union generals
joined South (including Lee)
Robert E. Lee
(Confederate)
• Politically, Robert E. Lee was a Whig.
Ironically, he was strongly attached to the
Union and to the Constitution. He
entertained no special sympathy for
slavery.
• On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to
Ulysses S. Grant at the village of
Appomattox Court House.
Ulysses S. Grant
(Union)
• Lincoln appointed him Generalin-Chief in March 1864. Grant
directed Sherman to drive
through the South while he
pinned down Gen. Robert E.
Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
• Finally, on April 9, 1865, at
Appomattox Court House, Lee
surrendered. Grant wrote out
terms of surrender that would
prevent treason trials.
Fighting in the Civil War
• Lasted four years; 3 million fought
and 600,000 died.
• More soldiers died of disease than
wounds.
• The majority of fighting occurred in
the South.
• Union went through a succession of
generals—Lincoln even took personal
command for four months.
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
Battles 1861-1862
Battles 1863-1865
The War in South Carolina
• 1. Governor William H. Gist said that
the South would be victorious and the
war would be over after only two
battles.
Home of William H. Gist
in Union, South Carolina
2. Union naval forces captured Port
Royal in November 1861.
a. Beaufort/Port Royal became a major
naval base for the Union fleet blockading
Charleston and Savannah.
b. Raiding parties harassed the interior
of the state throughout the war.
Battle of Port Royal
The Charleston Theater of
Operations (1863-1865)
• 1. A Union fleet was repulsed in April 1863.
• 2. Union forces were defeated at Battery
Wagner at the mouth of Charleston Harbor
in July 1863.
Battery Wagner
• 3. The Union Army and Navy controlled
enough territory near Charleston to begin
a regular bombardment of the city until it
surrendered in February 1865.
• 4. The Hunley, the Confederacy’s
submarine sank one of the Union ships
blockading Charleston in February 1864.
The Hunley left from Breach Inlet near
Sullivan’s Island
Sherman’s March to the Sea
1. In January 1865,
Sherman and his
army of
seasoned
veterans left
Savannah and
marched into
South Carolina.
2. All along the
route of his
march, Union
forces looted and
burned farms,
plantations, and
towns.
• 3. Confederate forces were not even
able to slow the Union Army’s
relentless march toward Columbia.
• 4. On the night of February 17-18,
1865, more than one-third of Columbia
was destroyed by fire.
• 5. Sherman continued his march
through S.C. and more towns and
homes disappeared in smoke.
William Tecumseh Sherman
The South Carolina Home Front
• 1. The Union blockade and the war created
shortages of everything from coffee to needles.
• 2. Scarcity led to profiteering and speculation by
storeowners and merchants.
Union Blockade
Union Blockade
• 3. Inflation was so bad that
Carolinians joked about going to
the store with a wheelbarrow full
of money in order to purchase a
small sack of groceries.
• 4. Shortages and high prices
called forth a great deal of
ingenuity from the folks at home.
• a. Clothes were patched until
worn completely out.
• b. As foods disappeared from
store shelves, housewives and
cooks had to make do with what
they had available.
Life for Confederates
S.C. Home Front (Cont)
• 5. Fund raising events in Charleston and
Columbia angered citizens in smaller towns
who thought that folks shouldn’t be partying
in wartime.
• 6. The Confederacy resorted to a draft to fill
its ranks and by 1864, sixteen year-olds
were being drafted.
• 7. Slaves were drafted to build fortifications
along the coast.
• 8. By 1864, the mood of the populace was
one of resignation and despair.
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865
Surrender in South Carolina
• The war that began in Charleston with such
high hopes for Southern Independence in
1861 ended in bitter defeat.
• Sherman made the war a searing experience
for thousands of South Carolinians.
Officially, the war would continue on for a
few more months.
• For South Carolina, however, with the
passage of Sherman, the war, for all
practical purposes, was over.
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties
in Comparison to Other Wars
Inventions & Innovations
• Telegraph
– Davis uses to gather forces at Shiloh
– Fredericksburg sees first use on battlefield
• Railway
– Changes logistics and maneuver
– North had uniform system; South did not
• Cavalry used for reconnaissance
Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)
The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
The Assassination
Emancipation Proclamation
• On September 22 1862, the
Emancipation Proclamation was made by
Lincoln.
• It was created to free all slaves in the
Confederate states.
• It didn’t really free any slaves, but
showed the Civil War was fought for
slavery.
• The Proclamation would take effect in
January 1, 1863.
Emancipation in 1863
Frederick
Douglass
• He was born Feb. 7, 1817 and died Feb. 20, 1895.
• This black American was one of the most
influential human-rights leaders of the 19th
century.
• His oratorical and literary brilliance thrust him into
the forefront of the U.S. Abolition movement.
• He became the first black citizen to hold high rank
in the U.S. government.
Frederick Douglass
• During the Civil War (1861-65) he
became a consultant to President Lincoln,
advocating that former slaves be armed
for the North and that the war be made a
direct confrontation against slavery.
• Throughout Reconstruction (1865-77),
he fought for full civil rights for freedmen
and vigorously supported the women's
rights movement.
African-American Recruiting
Poster
The Famous 54th
Massachusetts
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial
to Col. Robert Gould Shaw