Transcript Emancipation Proclamation

1846-1877
 Chapter
15: The Nation Breaking Apart
 Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
 Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
 Chapter 18: Reconstruction
The Civil War represented the greatest threat to
the survival of the American republic in our
history. Why we fought, how the Union won, and
how we rebuilt the nation remain enduring
matters of discussion and debate.
Lesson 1: The Emancipation Proclamation
 Lesson
1: The Emancipation Proclamation
 Lesson 2: War Affects Society
 Lesson 3: The North Wins
 Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War
In what ways did the Civil War transform the
nation?
How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the war?
 Emancipation
Proclamation: Document
issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in
Confederate-held territory were free
 54th Massachusetts Volunteers: Regiment of
African-American soldiers that gained fame for
its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, South
Carolina
 Emancipate: To free
 As
the Union troops went through the South,
thousands of slaves escaped
 Abolitionists were pressuring the
government to act
 Lincoln feared he did not have the power to
abolish slavery in every state
 Lincoln also wanted to preserve the Union
 Lincoln did not want to anger the border
states
 Many Northerners also objected to
emancipation
• Why?
 Believed it was each state’s right to decide
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
Lincoln needed to weaken the South
January 1, 1863
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation
• Declared all slaves in Confederate
territory were free
“On the first day of January, in the year
of our Lord one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-three, all persons
held as slaves within any State or
designated part of a State, the
people whereof shall then be in
rebellion against the United States,
shall be then, thenceforward and
forever free.” – Abraham Lincoln
Made a huge impact on the public
But it actually free few slaves
Only the Union army would enforce the
Proclamation
 Most states lived far away from where the Union
army was located
 Why only in the South?



• Lincoln believed he did not have the constitutional power
to free slaves
• But the Proclamation could be seen as a military action
• He had the military authority to do this

Now the goal of the Civil War wasn’t just to
preserve the Union, but also to free millions from
slavery

Abolitionists were thrilled
• “We shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree.” –
Frederick Douglass
• Many believed the law should have gone farther
• They were upset Lincoln had not freed all enslaved people,
specifically in the border states

Many Northern Democrats were against the Proclamation
• They believed the Proclamation would lengthen the war by angering
the South
• The proclamation was “monstrous, impudent, and heinous… insulting to
God as to man.” – Ohio newspaper


Union soldiers support the Proclamation because it angered
the rebels
White Southerners were angry
• Many slaves began to escape to the Union army
 No longer supplied the South with labor
 Began to provide the Union with soldiers
The Emancipation declared that African
Americans could fight in the Union army
 African Americans rushed to enlist and brought
intensity to the Union
 About 180,000 total enlisted

• 166 all-black regiments usually led by white officers
• Showed great courage on the battlefield and wore their
uniforms with pride
• Some regiments insisted on fighting without pay instead
of accepting lower pay
• Determined to destroy slavery, gain self-respect, and
prove they deserved equal treatment

White officers often started off with racist views,
but changed their minds after seeing their
determination and courage
 One
of the 1st African American regiments
organized in the North
 2 of Frederick Douglass’ sons joined
 One of the most famous in the Civil War
 Earned its greatest glory in July 1863
• Led a heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina
 African
American regiments faced great
danger if they were captured
• Confederate government threatened to execute
them or return them to slavery rather than make
them prisoners as war
How did the Emancipation Proclamation
change the war?
Lesson 2: War Affects Society
 Lesson
1: The Emancipation Proclamation
 Lesson 2: War Affects Society
 Lesson 3: The North Wins
 Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War
In what ways did the Civil War transform the
nation?
What difficulties did the nation face as
the war dragged on?
 Writ
of habeas corpus: Law that prevents the
government from holding citizens without formal
charges
 Clara Barton: Civil War nurse who later founded
the American Red Cross
 There
were many disagreements within the
Union and the Confederacy
 Some Southern areas opposed secession
• Like West Virginia
 The
Copperheads in the North were
Democrats who favored peace with the
South
• A copperhead is a poisonous snake that strikes
without warning
 Lincoln had protesters arrested
 He suspended the writ of habeas corpus
• This prevents the government from holding citizens
without formal charges

Enslaved people did their best to weaken the South
• They slowed their work or stopped working altogether
When planters fled from Union armies, slaves
refused to join their masters
 They waited to join the Union army
 After the Emancipation Proclamation, more and more
slaves fled plantations
 “It was very touching to see the vast numbers of
colored [African American] women following after us
with babies in their arms, and little ones like our Anna
clinging to their tattered skirts. One poor creature,
while nobody was looking, hid two boys , five years old,
in a wagon, intending, I suppose that they should see
the land of freedom if she couldn’t.”
- Union officer
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

Enthusiasm for the war began to decline
Both the North and South passed laws of
conscription (laws requiring men to serve in
the military)
Southern Planters with more than 20 slaves
were not required to serve in the army
In the North and South, the rich could pay
substitutes to serve in their place
This caused resentment and anger
The Draft was very unpopular
Led to a 4 day riot in July 1863 in New York
City
• Many destroyed property and attacked African
Americans
• Over 100 people were killed or wounded
• Union soldiers had to be called in to put down the
uprising
 North
• Free African Americans were serving in the
military
• Women were taking over jobs in factories and
hospitals
• Poverty and hunger were spreading
 South
• Poverty and hunger were spreading
• Suffering was worse in the South
 South
• Food shortages were common
 Many farmers were in the army and could not harvest
crops
 Transportation was disrupted and prevented food
from reaching markets
 Armies seized food
• Inflation (increase in the cost of goods and
decrease in the value of money)
 Prices rose steadily
 Life was harder
 Two
federal government changes
• Income Tax
 Tax on earnings
• Paper currency
 Known as greenbacks
 Helped the Northern economy by making sure
people had money to spend
 Helped the federal government pay for the war

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

With so many men away at war, women had to assume more
responsibilities
Women plowed the fields and ran the farms or plantations
They took over office and factory jobs
Thousands of women served as volunteer workers and
nurses on the battlefield
• Clara Barton and Susie King Taylor
• “Many lives were lost, - not men alone but noble women as well”

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Relief agencies allowed women to work gathering supplies,
washing clothes, and cooking food
Nursing became a profession
About 20,000 nurses worked in hospitals
Women also disguised themselves as men and enlisted
• Jennie Hodgers became Albert Cashier

Women also served as spies
• Belle Boyd was arrested 6 times
 Opportunities
opened up for many
groups
• African Americans could serve in the military
• Women gained an active role in many areas
 In
the South, ordinary people began to
resent the draft laws
 Society was more divided because of
draft laws, inflation and food shortages
(especially in the South)
What difficulties did the nation face as
the war dragged on?
Lesson 3: The North Wins
 Lesson
1: The Emancipation Proclamation
 Lesson 2: War Affects Society
 Lesson 3: The North Wins
 Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War
In what ways did the Civil War transform the
nation?
What led to the surrender of the
Confederacy?
 Battle
of Gettysburg: Battle in 1863 in
Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a
Confederate invasion of the North
 Pickett’s Charge: Failed assault on Union
positions on final day of Battle of Gettysburg
 Sherman’s March to the Sea: Union general
Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia
 The
Emancipation
Proclamation
 January 1, 1863
 Battle
of Gettysburg
 July 1-3. 1863
 Union Victory
 Sherman’s
March to
the Sea
 November 15December 21, 1864
 Fall
of Richmond
 April 3, 1865
 Union Victory
 Surrender
at Appomattox
 April 9, 1865
 Confederacy
had won some key battles
in the East
 Lee decided to further invade the North
• In a recent Northern battle, Confederate troops
accidentally shot and killed Confederate
General Stonewall Jackson
• Lee thought another victory in the North would
force the Union into talks of peace and bring
European nations in as allies
• Lee crossed into Pennsylvania and stumbled
upon Union troops in Gettysburg
Fighting lasted for 3 days
90,000 Union troops against 75,000 Confederate
troops
 Union forces tried to hold their ground at Cemetery
Ridge while Confederates tried to remove them
 The Turning Point- Pickett’s Charge


• General George Pickett mounted a direct attack on the middle
•
•
•
•

of the Union line
It was a deadly mistake
15,000 rebel troops charged up the ridge into heavy Union fire
Confederates were forced to retreat and waited for a
counterattack
Lincoln’s army once again failed to finish off the Lee’s army
The furious Lincoln wondered if he would ever find a
general that would defeat Lee once and for all
 The
Union rejoiced over the victory
 Lee’s hopes were crushed
 Casualties
• North: 23,000 (about ¼ of the army)
• South: 28,000 (about 1/3 of the army)
 Lee
led his army back to Virginia
 Although the war lasted 2 more years, the
South never recovered from the defeat at
Gettysburg
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
July 4, 1863
Confederate troops at Vicksburg surrendered to Grant
Vicksburg was the last hold that Confederates had on the
Mississippi
Grant began his attack in May of 1863
• Direct attacks failed, so he settled in for a long siege
• Grant’s troops surrounded the city and prevented delivery of food and
supplies
• Confederates ran out of food
• Civilians moved into caves to protect themselves from the constant
bombardment
• After a month and a half, the city surrendered
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
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This victory fulfilled a major part of the Anaconda Plan- the
South was split in two
The tide of the war had turned in favor of the Union
President Lincoln had found the man who might be able to
defeat Lee
 March
1864- Lincoln gives command of
all Union armies to Grant
 Grant would pursue Lee’s army in
Virginia
 General William Tecumseh Sherman
would push through the deep South



Sherman traveled from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia
In November 1864, Sherman burned Atlanta and set out on a
terrifying march to the sea
Sherman’s March to the Sea
• The army cut a path of destruction across Georgia that was 60 miles
wide and 300 miles long
• Sherman waged total war (a war not only against enemy troops, but
against everything that supported the enemy)
 Tore up railroad lines
 Destroyed crops
 Burned and looted towns
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He reached the coast at Savannah in December and
continued north into the Carolinas to meet Grant in Virginia
His march tore into the heart of the Confederacy
It also increase the size of the Union army
• In Georgia alone, 19,000 former slaves joined the Union army

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Grant pursued Lee’s army
He had a brutal plan- keep attacking Lee’s army no matter
how many casualties the Union would suffer
• The Union could replace soldiers and supplies
• The South was running out



Lee would fight and then escape to fight another day after
his troops recovered
It took Grant a year to corner and defeat Lee
Grant said, “No matter what happens, we will not retreat!”
• Grant’s army suffered great losses but he pushed on
• Union troops were so sure they would die in battle that they pinned
their names and addresses on their jackets so their bodies could be
identified later
• Unable to break through Confederate lines just South of Richmond,
Union forces dug trenches and settled in for a 9 month long siege
April 1865- Lee realized he could hold out no longer
He sent Jefferson Davis a note advising the
government to leave Richmond
 Lee hoped to move the army to food supplies to
prolong the war
 April 2- Confederate government fled the capital
 Leaders burnt anything that could be of use to the
Union army
 The city was in flames when the Union forces arrived
April 3
 Lincoln came to visit the city


• Whites stayed indoors
• African Americans cheered for the president who led the fight
for freedom
Lee fled west while Grant followed
Lee wanted to continue fighting but knew the
situation was hopeless
 Lee sent a message to Grant saying he was ready to
surrender
 April 9, 1865


• Lee and Grant met in the small Virginia town of Appomattox
Court House to arrange the surrender
• Grant wrote later that his joy at that moment was mixed with
sadness
• Grant offered generous terms of surrender
 Confederates could return home in peace after laying down their
arms
 Confederates could keep their private possessions and horses with
them
 Grant also fed the hungry Confederate troops
What led to the surrender of the
Confederacy?
Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War
 Lesson
1: The Emancipation Proclamation
 Lesson 2: War Affects Society
 Lesson 3: The North Wins
 Lesson 4: The Legacy of the War
In what ways did the Civil War transform the
nation?
How did the nation change after the war
ended?
 John Wilkes
Booth: Confederate supporter
who assassinated Abraham Lincoln
 Thirteenth Amendment: Constitutional
amendment that ended slavery
On November 19, 1863, officials gathered in
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. They were there to
dedicate a national cemetery on the ground
where the decisive Battle of Gettysburg had
taken place nearly five months earlier.
Following the ceremony’s main address,
which lasted nearly two hours, President
Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address in
just over two minutes. In this famous speech,
Lincoln expressed his hopes for the nation.
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war,
testing whether that nation or any nation so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We
have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as
a final resting-place for those who here gave
their lives that this nation might live. It is
altogether fitting and proper that we should do
this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate… we
cannot consecrate… we cannot hallow… this ground. The
brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have
consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note nor long remember what we say
here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us,
the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished
work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly
advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the
great task remaining before us… that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here
highly resolve that these dead should not have died in vain;
that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of
freedom; and that government of the people, for the people,
shall not perish from the earth.
 The
Union had be preserved but at a
terrible cost
 Deadliest war in American history
 In just 4 years
• 620,000 dead (360,000 Union; 260,000 Confederate)
• 275,000 Union wounded; 100,000 Confederate
wounded
• Many suffered health problems the rest of their lives
• North and South spent enormous sums of money
• Government was still paying interest on loans many
years later
 After the War
• Economic disaster in the South
• Farms and plantations were destroyed
• 40% of livestock were killed
• 50% of farm machinery wrecked
• Factories were demolished
• Thousands of miles of railroad tracks were torn up
• Only had 12% of the nation’s wealth (30% before the
war)
• South remained locked in poverty long after the war
• Economic gap would last for decades
 April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee’s
 President Lincoln was shot while
surrender)
watching a
play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C.
 John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate supporter
escaped but was killed by troops 11 days
later
 Lincoln was wounded and carried to a
house nearby
 A bullet in his brain could not be removed
 He died the next morning as the first
American President to be assassinated
 Many Americans wept in the streets
The Civil War had created a new nation
economically and socially
 The issue of state’s rights was settled- states did
not have the power to secede
 The national government expanded

•
•
•
•
•
•
New paper currency
New income tax
New federal banking system
Funded railroads
Gave western settlers land
Provided for state colleges
South’s economy was destroyed (now had to pay
for workers)
 Industry in the north grew rapidly (steel,
petroleum, food processing, and manufacturing)
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Greatest effect was the freeing of millions of enslaved
Americans
“After the reading we were told that we were all free, and
could go when and where we pleased. My mother, who was
standing by my side, leaned over and kissed her children,
while tears of joy ran down her cheeks. She explained to us
what it all meant, that this was the day for which she had been
so long praying, but fearing that she would never live to see.” –
Booker T. Washington
January 1865- Congress passed the 13th Amendment
• Ended and banned slavery
• Approved by 27 states including 8 southern states

Challenges
• South had to be brought back into the Union
• 4 million former slaves had to be integrated into national life
• Americans had to turn their energies into rebuilding the nation

Economic Change
Income tax
Paper currency
Growing industry
Destroyed southern
economy
• Factory production
increases

•
•
•
•
 Political Change
• Federal government
grows more powerful
• United States pulls
through as a union
Social Change
• Slavery is abolished
• African Americans serve
in the military
• Draft laws are introduced
• Women become active in
society

Changes in Warfare
• Modern rifle and minie
ball
• Increases number of
casualties
• Ironclads
How did the nation change after the war
ended?
In what ways did the Civil War transform the
nation?