Transcript U.S. History Vocabulary PowerPoint (by unit

U.S. History
Vocabulary by Unit
Unit 1 Vocabulary
Southern Colonies
• Relied on agriculture due to warmer climate
and fertile soil
• Relied on indentured servants then slaves for
labor to produce cash crops
Middle Colonies
• Economy was a mixture of agriculture and
trade
• More tolerant and diverse than New England
New England
• Economy relied mostly on trade and shipping
• Colonists located on coastal regions and rivers
benefitted from being centers of trade and
transportation
Virginia Company
• Joint-stock company that provided the funding
for the colony of Jamestown
• Investors hoped settlers would find gold and
earn profits for them
Tobacco Cultivation
• John Rolfe introduced a new strain of tobacco
that grew well in Virginia
• Tobacco became a cash crop and saved
Jamestown
Powhatan
• The Native American group living in the
Jamestown area
• They were often in conflict with the English
settlers over land
House of Burgesses
• Legislative body in Virginia
• First example of representative government in
the American colonies, will become an
example for democratic tradition in America
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon and poor farmers rebel
against the wealthy landowners and
government in Jamestown
• Reflects the American ideal that not only the
elite should have a say in the government, and
also led to increase in slavery over indentured
servants
Development of Slavery
• At first, the labor force was made up mostly of
indentured servants who worked for a period
of 5 years before gaining freedom
• Tobacco becoming a cash crop and tensions
from Bacon’s Rebellion led to plantation
owners using slaves instead
Religious Reasons for Settlement of
New England
• Pilgrims came to Plymouth colony to separate
from the Anglican Church. They wrote the
Mayflower Compact
• Puritans settled in Massachusetts Bay colony
and wanted to purify the Anglican Church.
King Phillip’s War
• Colonists in New England were in conflict with
Native Americans over land. Metacom (King
Phillip) went to war with the colonists to try to
stop it. Colonists win.
• Metacom’s defeat by the English colonists
marked the end of Native American resistance
in the region.
Government in New England
• The Puritan church controlled much of the
government in Massachusetts Bay
• The legislature in Mass. Bay was called the
General Court
• Town meetings were also common – locals
would meet to discuss issues and vote
• Citizens who were male and church members
had a say in government
Religious Tensions in New England
• Roger Williams was banished from Mass. Bay
because he believed it was wrong to take land
from the Indians
• He founded Rhode Island and guaranteed
separation of Church and state and religious
freedom
• Anne Hutchinson fled to RI when she was
banished for leading bible studies
Half-way covenant
• Gave partial membership to descendants of
church members without a conversion
experience
• Church leaders hoped the young people
would want full membership and stay part of
the Puritan church
• Puritan leaders wanted to keep control of the
colony
Salem Witch Trials
• 25 people condemned to death after being
accused of witchcraft in Salem, Mass.
• Result of strict Puritan church having control
over government and laws
• Also shows impact of harsh life in New
England colonies
Loss of Massachusetts Charter
• Unrest in Massachusetts led to loss of the
colony’s charter and the king took over
• Mass. Bay became a royal colony under the
rule of a governor appointed by the king
Settlement of New Amsterdam
• Settled and called New Amsterdam by Dutch
as settlement focused on the fur trade.
• Taken by the English and renamed New York.
The English wanted to remove the “Dutch
Wedge” and unite their southern and New
England colonies.
Pennsylvania
• Founded by William Penn and the Quakers on
the principle of religious freedom
• The Quakers got along better with Native
Americans than many settlers and were more
tolerant and peaceful
Quebec
• First permanent French settlement in North
America
• Goals:
– Friendly relations with the Native Americans
– Make money from the fur trade
– Convert Native Americans to Catholicism
Mercantilism
• The belief that the purpose of a colony was to
make the mother-country richer and more
powerful.
• England’s Trans-Atlantic “Triangle” trade
network was developed to get the most profit
possible from the English colonies.
Middle Passage
• The voyage of slaves on slave ships from West
Africa to the American colonies.
– Terrible conditions
– High death rates
• Called the middle passage because it was the
middle part of the “Triangle Trade.”
Growth of African population
• As a result of the increasing need for slave
labor in southern colonies and the transAtlantic trade, the number of slaves grew in
the American colonies
• African-American culture was diverse; slaves
came from completely different backgrounds
Great Awakening
• Religious movement that called for people to
search for truth themselves instead of relying
on the church.
• This led people to question traditional
authorities like the church or even the king.
Benjamin Franklin
• Example of self-made man; he was not born
wealthy but hard work and intelligence made
him rich, famous, respected, and successful
• Social mobility: he moves up in social classes
• Individualism: believed you should improve
yourself and fulfill your potential
Unit 2 Vocabulary
Road to Revolution
French and Indian War
• A war between France and England over land
in North America (Ohio River Valley)
• Increases tensions between colonists and
Great Britain over Proclamation of 1763 and
taxes to pay war debt
• Proclamation of 1763 – British told colonists
they could not move west of Appalachian
mountains
Treaty of Paris - 1763
• Treaty ending the French and Indian War.
• France was forced to surrender all land east of
the Mississippi River to England
• This means that England becomes the dominant
imperial power in North America
Stamp Act
• 1765 law in which England forced a tax on
paper goods on the American colonies.
• Colonists reacted by forming the Stamp Act
Congress  first time colonies acted as a
unified group
Intolerable Acts
• A series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774
that were meant to punish Boston for the Tea
Party.
• Shut down Boston Harbor, enacted the
Quartering Act, and shut down Massachusetts
legislature
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
• A group of radical colonists that would use
violence to oppose British oppression and
taxation.
• They would use methods like threats or
violence against tax collectors to stop the
taxes from getting paid.
Committees of Correspondence
• A communication network of letters between
the colonies to share information about
protests and resisting British actions
• This information was critical for leaders of the
revolution and united colonies
Townshend Acts
• A series of laws enacted by England in 1767
that taxed all goods that were imported from
England to America.
• There was no way for the colonists to avoid
paying these taxes.
Boston Massacre
• A clash between British soldiers and a mob of
angry colonists in Boston in 1770.
– British soldiers fired on the crowd and 5 colonists
were killed
• Leaders like Paul Revere used this event to
unite the colonies against England.
Boston Tea Party
• In 1773, a group of angry colonists disguised
themselves as Indians and dumped 18,000
pounds of tea off of a British ship into Boston
Harbor.
• Led to the British punishing Boston with the
Intolerable Acts
Lexington and Concord
• The British are sent to Concord to destroy a
stockpile of weapons
• The minutemen (militia) meet them at
Lexington where the first shots of the war are
fired
Minutemen
• Unprofessional groups of local soldiers trained
to be ready in minutes to oppose any English
soldiers that showed up in their area.
• These soldiers were also known as “militia.”
1st and 2nd Continental Congress
• First Continental Congress: delegates from
colonies meet (except GA) and decide to warn
colonists to prepare for war
• Second Continental Congress: delegates meet
and name the militia the Continental Army
and appoint George Washington as
commander
Common Sense
• Document written by Thomas Paine listing the
reasons America should be independent from
Great Britain
• Important because it was written for the
common people and convinced more people
to join the side of the revolutionaries
Declaration of Independence
• Document written by Thomas Jefferson to the
King of England explaining why Americans
wanted to be independent from Great Britain
• Influenced by John Locke’s idea of natural
rights – life, liberty and property
French Alliance
• America needed foreign assistance to fight the war
against England and France agreed to give America
money and send troops and ships to help fight the
war
• Benjamin Franklin went to France to convince them
to help us fight the British
• Marquis de Lafayette was the French representative
in America
Crossing of the Delaware
• Washington plans a surprise attack on Hessian
mercenaries
• Victory is important because it boosts
American morale and gives them a desire to
keep fighting
Valley Forge
• This is where the American army camps for
the winter 1777
• The soldiers were freezing and starving
• The army receives foreign help and training
from Baron von Steuben and after Valley
Forge the Continental Army is more
professional and better trained
Yorktown
• The Americans and the French trap the British
at the Battle of Yorktown
• The geography of the land (peninsula) and the
help from the French navy make this victory
possible
• Lord Cornwallis (the British commander)
surrenders and the Americans win
George Washington as a military leader
• Slowly formed the untrained continental soldiers into
a professional army
• Was a strong enough leader to keep his army
together in the face of defeats and extremely tough
times like the winter at Valley Forge.
• Willing to take risks in order to achieve victory (as
seen in the Crossing of the Delaware River).
Treaty of Paris
1783
• Officially ends the American Revolution and
formally establishes American independence
from Great Britain
• Also, sets the boundaries for the new nation
Unit 3 Vocabulary
New Nation
Articles of Confederation
• A document adopted by the Second
Continental Congress in 1777 and approved by
the states in 1781.
• This was the first law of the land for the new
government of the United States
• Weaknesses: no executive, no courts, no
taxing power
Daniel Shays’ Rebellion
• A 1787 uprising of farmers that were angry at
the Massachusetts state government because
of debt and foreclosures, so they shut down
the state courts by force
• Showed the weakness of the Articles of
Confederation because Massachusetts asked
the federal government for help but they
didn’t have the power to do anything
Northwest Ordinance
• A law passed in 1787 under the Articles of
Confederation government
• Set up a plan for territories to become states
and contributed to westward migration
• Plan encouraged new state constitutions to
avoid slavery and include a plan for public
education
Constitutional Convention
• Founding fathers met at Pennsylvania State
House in May 1787 to revise the Articles of
Confederation, but ended up writing a whole
new Constitution
• Major conflicts at the Constitution over the
issues of representation in Congress and
slavery had to be resolved through
compromises
Great Compromise
• A compromise made at the Constitutional
Convention to resolve the conflict between
the Virginia Plan (large states) and New Jersey
Plan (small states)
• Proposed a bicameral legislature with the
House of Representatives, where
representation is based on population and the
Senate, where every state gets 2
representatives
3/5 Compromise
• A compromise between free states and slave
states over whether or not slaves should be
counted as part of the population for
representation purposes in the House of
Representatives
• Decided that slaves would count as 3/5 of a
person (Out of every 5 slaves, 3 would count
towards population)
U.S. Constitution
• America’s final law of the land, written at
Constitutional Convention after the AOC failed
because it was too weak
• Provided for a more powerful central
government, but this power was limited by
separation of powers, checks and balances,
and federalism
Popular Sovereignty
• The people have power in the government by
voting to elect representatives
• This idea is the same as what Jefferson
described as “consent of the governed” in the
Declaration of Independence
Separation of Powers
• The powers of the national government are
divided by the Constitution into three separate
branches to prevent any one person or branch
from having too much power
• The legislative branch (Congress) makes the laws,
executive branch (President) enforces the laws,
and judicial branch (courts) interprets the laws.
• This comes from French philosopher
Montesquieu
Checks and Balances
• Principle of the Constitution that gives each
branch of government the authority to limit
the power of the other two branches
• Examples:
– Congress passes laws, president can veto them
and Supreme court can rule them unconstitutional
– President appoints Supreme Court justices and
Congress approves them; Congress can impeach
the president
Federalism
• A system in which power is shared between
different levels of government
• For example, in the U.S. we have the federal
(national) government, state governments,
and local governments
Judicial Review
• The Supreme Court has the power to declare
laws unconstitutional
• This authority is a part of the system of checks
and balances
Limited Government
• Government is not all powerful
• The Constitution limits the power of the
federal government through separation of
powers, checks and balances, federalism and
the Bill of Rights
Federalists
• Group of political leaders that supported the new
U.S. Constitution in the debate over ratification
(approving and adopting the document)
• Wanted a strong federal government and were
led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
• Federalist Papers = a collection of essays written
to convince Americans to approve the
Constitution
Anti-Federalists
• Group of political leaders led by Thomas
Jefferson that were against ratification of the
new Constitution
• They wanted a weaker federal government
and strong state governments and refused to
ratify without a Bill of Rights
• The Anti-Federalist Papers = written to point
out problems in the Constitution
Bill of Rights
• First 10 amendments to the Constitution
• Anti-Federalists insisted on adding these
before ratification
• Designed to protectindividual rights (#1-9) and
states’ rights (#10) from the power of the
national government
Washington’s Presidency
• Important because he set precedents for how
the President would conduct himself and how
the executive branch would work
• Showed the strength of the new federal
government in Whiskey Rebellion, said
America should not get involved in European
affairs, and warned against factions/political
parties
Whiskey Rebellion
• Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay a tax
put on whiskey by the federal government
• President Washington ordered the militia to
go an and stop the rebellion, and the rebels
scattered without a fight
• Proved that the federal government was now
strong enough under the new Constitution to
handle a crisis
Non-Intervention in Europe
• The people of France asked Americans to help
in their revolution to overthrow the king of
France
• Washington thought America needed to stay
out of European problems and issued the
“Declaration of Neutrality”
Adams’ Presidency
• American diplomats effectively resolve the
XYZ Affair with the French, who tried to force
the U.S. to pay bribe or tribute money to
continue to deal with France
• Adams lost public support because of Alien
and Sedition Acts that set fines and jail time
for anyone speaking out against the
government (violation of 1st amendment)
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Louisiana Purchase
• President Jefferson send James Monroe to
negotiate with Napoleon to buy the Louisiana
territory from France
• This doubles the size of the U.S. (territorial
growth)
Westward expansion
• Describes the territorial growth of the United
States during the first half of the 19th century
• the U.S. grows and gains land to the west
– Louisiana Purchase
– Northwest Ordinance
– Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
• “obviously meant to be” that God wanted
Americans to move west
• Belief that Americans were supposed to move
and expand west to the Pacific coast
Lewis and Clark expedition
• Jefferson gets Lewis and Clark to explore the
Louisiana territory and report on what was
there
• Jefferson sends them to be diplomatic with
Native Americans and to record information
about plants, animals and the land
War of 1812
• War between the U.S. and Great Britain over
impressment and British alliance with Native
Americans
• Significance: Increased nationalism and
helped create national identity
National identity
• The nature of a country as a whole including
language, culture, traditions and shared
values
American System
• Plan to unify the regions and create a strong,
stable economy
• Created infrastructure (transportation
between regions)
Infrastructure
• Basic physical systems of a country or
community.
• Examples: roads, other transportation,
sewage, water
Erie Canal
• Canal that links the Great Lakes to the Atlantic
Ocean
• Led to the rise of New York City as most
dominant port
Monroe Doctrine
• President Monroe warns European powers
not to interfere in the western hemisphere so
that they would not try to colonize Latin
America
• Importance: Shows American nationalism and
power and shapes foreign policy
Industrial Revolution
• Massive changes in the economy and society
that resulted from the growth of the factory
system
• Led to increased sectionalism between the
North and the South, because the North
becomes reliant on industry and the South
more reliant on agriculture
Cotton gin
• Invented by Eli Whitney
• Machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton
fibers
• Makes South more dependant on cotton and
slavery
Interchangeable parts
• Standardized parts that can be used in place
of one another
• Makes mass production possible
• Eli Whitney makes these for muskets
Abolitionist Movement
• Movement to end slavery
• Many women participate in this movement
and that contributes to women working for
right to vote
Temperance Movement
• Movement to end the consumption of alcohol
• Believed alcohol was bad for society and
ruining families
• Made up of mostly women
Women’s Suffrage
• Movement for the right to vote and equality
for women
• Seneca Falls Convention was first women’s
rights convention
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the Seneca Falls
Convention, where the Declaration of
Sentiments demanded equal rights for women
Public Education Movement
• Wanted access to education for all
• Poor needed education because they could
now vote
• Led by Horace Mann
Reform movements of the early
1800s
• Organized efforts to change or fix society after
the Industrial Revolution to address the
changes and problems in America at that time
• Examples: abolitionism, temperance, public
education, suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy
• Andrew Jackson’s supporters wanted common
people to participate in the government
• Changed popular political culture – Jackson as
the “common man”, spoke to the concerns of
ordinary people.
• Politics not just for the elite anymore
Expanding Suffrage
• More people can vote
• Many states began to get rid of property
requirements for voting
• This helps Jackson win the Election of 1828
American nationalism
• Nationalism – devotion to the interests and
culture of one’s nation
• develops during War of 1812
• Jackson was a national hero and encouraged
nationalism over sectionalism during his
presidency
Spoils System
• After he became president, Jackson replaced
federal workers with his supporters and
friends
Indian Removal Act of 1830
• President Jackson supports this bill that orders
southern tribes to move off their lands to
reservations west of the Mississippi River
• Includes the Trails of Tears
Bank War
• Jackson opposes the National Bank and vetoes
a bill extending its’ charter
• The sudden end to the bank led to economic
crisis (Panic of 1837)
Nullification
• When a state refuses to recognize a federal
law because it considers it unconstitutional
• South Carolina, encouraged by John C.
Calhoun, wants to nullify the Tariff of 1828,
Jackson forces them to back down
• The belief in nullification is associated with
the belief in states’ rights
Unit 5 Vocabulary
Abolitionism
• Movement to end slavery
• Encouraged women to fight for the right to
vote, because they participated in the
movement
• Increased tension between the North and
South
• Made slavery a significant issue in American
politics
Nat Turner
• Led a slave rebellion in Virginia
• Increases tension between North and South
• Southerners increase restrictions on slaves
and free blacks and Northerners say this
proves slaves need to be free
William Lloyd Garrison
• Publisher of the Liberator
• His newspaper supported abolitionism and
brought more people to the cause
Fredrick Douglass
• Former slave who becomes famous
abolitionist writer and speaker
• He was an influential abolitionist because he
experienced slavery himself
Grimke Sisters
• Southern women who were abolitionists
• What they said was important because they
experienced how bad slavery was from the
slave owner's perspective
States’ rights ideology
• Belief that the power of the states should be
protected
• Wanted states to have more power than
federal government
• Commonly held belief of southerners before
the Civil War
• Sectionalism: putting regional interests over
national interests
Nullification
• When a state refuses to recognize a federal
law because it considers it unconstitutional
• South Carolina, encouraged by John C.
Calhoun, wants to nullify the Tariff of 1828,
Jackson forces them to back down
• The belief in nullification is associated with
the belief in states’ rights
Missouri Compromise
• Tried to resolve conflict over slavery in the
West by saying all states except Missouri north
of the 36’30 line would be free states
• Only temporarily solved the conflict
Compromise of 1850
• California is a free state
• Other territories would decide based upon
popular sovereignty (a vote)
• Fugitive Slave Act (runaway slaves were
returned to the South)
War with Mexico
• War between U.S. and Mexico from 18461848, in which the U.S. wins land from Mexico
in the West
• New land meant new arguments over slavery
in the West
Wilmot Proviso
• Banned slavery in territories won during the
War with Mexico
• Divided Congress along regional lines
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The territories of Kansas and Nebraska would
vote to decide whether they would become
slave or free states.
• The competition to gain votes resulted in
violence between pro-slavery groups and
abolitionists (Bleeding Kansas)
Popular Sovereignty
• A system where people vote to decide what to
do on an issue
• Used to decide whether some territories
would be free or slave
Dred Scott Decision
• A slave (Scott) sued for freedom. He had been
brought into a free state, so he said he was no
longer a slave.
• Court ruled that slaves were property and that
owners had the right to keep them even in
free states.
John Brown’s Raid
• John Brown raided the US Army arsenal in
Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
• He wanted to start a slave rebellion, but he
was captured and hanged.
• Divides the North and South even more. North
saw him as a martyr and the South said he
was a terrorist.
Fort Sumter
• After South Carolina seceded (broke away)
from the Union (North), Confederate
(Southern) forces surround and attack the
Union base at Fort Sumter.
• This battle was the beginning of the Civil War.
Battle of Antietam
• Stopped General Lee’s (Confederate) first
march towards Washington D.C.
• After a tie in the battle the Confederates had
to retreat back to the south.
• Bloodiest single day in the war
Battle of Vicksburg
• Union General Grant attacked and captured
the Confederate city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
• This victory gave the Union control of the
Miss. River and split the Confederacy in half.
Battle of Gettysburg
• Union victory
• Stopped General Lee’s second march into
northern territory.
• 3 day battle with 100,000 casualties
• Turning point of the war in favor of the Union
Battle for Atlanta
• Union Victory
• Control of Atlanta gave the Union control of
the south, because Atlanta was a
“transportation hub.”
Civil War Leaders
• Abraham Lincoln – President of the United
States
• Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy
• Ulysses S. Grant – General in command of the
Union (North) army
• Robert E. Lee – General in command of the
Confederate (South) army
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
• Confederate general that was second-incommand under General Lee.
– Killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville
William T. Sherman
• Union general who used the concept of “Total
War” to make southerners want to surrender.
• “March to the Sea”
– Burned a path of destruction from Atlanta to
Savannah
Economic Disparity
• The North had a larger population, more
railroads and more factories than the South
• This gave the North an advantage over the
South and helped them win the Civil War
Suspension of Habeas Corpus
• Says that prisoners of war and supporters of
the Confederacy do not have the right to trial
• Stops enemies of the Union from working
against them
Gettysburg Address
• Speech that says to honor the dead by
winning the war and preserving the Union
• Encourages people to keep fighting
Emancipation Proclamation
• Frees the slaves in southern states
• Former slaves will support the Union and join
the union army
Second Inaugural Address
• We need to finish the war, but treat the South
with kindness and welcome them back
• Gets rid of divisions, helps heal the country
and bring both sides together
Presidential Reconstruction
• Reconstruction under President Lincoln and
President Johnson
• Was more lenient on the South
Radical Republican Reconstruction
• Congress was in control of Reconstruction
• Put the South under military supervision
• Gave more rights to African Americans
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Created to help former slaves adjust to life as
freedmen
Civil War Amendments
• 13th – ended slavery
• 14th – protects the rights of African Americans
as citizens
• 15th – gave black males the right to vote
Black Codes
• Laws that were passed to limit the freedom
and movement of black laborers
• Wanted to restore race relations to the way
they were before emancipation
• Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers
Ku Klux Klan
• White supremacist hate group
• Klan violence prevented African-Americans
from voting and returned Democrats to power
in the South
Impeachment
• The process of accusing a president of
wrongdoing
• Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House
for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but was
acquitted in the Senate trial
Presidential election of 1876
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) lost the
popular vote and electoral votes were
disputed, so Congress appointed a
commission to solve the problem
• The Commission votes for Hayes because it
was mostly Republican
• Led to Compromise of 1877 and end of
Reconstruction
Compromise of 1877
• Democrats agree to accept Hayes as president
if federal troops were removed from the South
• This marks the end of Reconstruction
Unit 6 Vocab
Railroads
• The expansion of railroads after
Reconstruction changed travel and business in
America
• The growth of railroads led to the growth of
big business and other industries, like steel
which was used for the tracks.
• Led to development of the West
Steel
• Industry that grew quickly with the expansion
of railroads
• The Bessemer process made making steel
efficient and cheap
• Andrew Carnegie created a monopoly over
the steel industry
Big Business
• Industries controlled by monopolies and
trusts, such as railroads, steel and oil
• Andrew Carnegie was the giant of the steel
industry
• John D. Rockefeller was the giant of the oil
industry
Development of the West
• The expansion of railroads led to the
development of the west because it allowed
people and business to move west faster and
easier
• This led to conflict between Native Americans
in the West and the U.S. government
Transcontinental Railroad
• A railroad line linking the Pacific to the Atlantic
Ocean, completed in 1869
• Built mostly by Chinese immigrants
Impact on Native Americans
• Battle of Little Bighorn – Sioux defeat the U.S.
army, General Custer is killed
• Sitting Bull – Sioux leader who defeated Custer
at Little Bighorn, but is taken at Wounded
Knee
• Wounded Knee – U.S. army rounds up Sioux
and kills 300 unarmed people
Pooling
• Railroad companies agreed to divide up
business in an area and set high prices
• They did this to get rid of competition and
keep prices high
Vertical and Horizontal Integration
• Vertical – owning or buying out all of the raw
materials necessary in an industry
• Horizontal – Buying out or merging with other
companies in the same industry
Trusts and Monopolies
• Trust – a group of companies controlled by
one board of directors
• Monopoly – complete control over an industry
John D. Rockefeller
• Owned Standard Oil Company
• Established nation’s first trust that controlled
every aspect of the oil industry
• Led to the government creating anti-trust laws
Immigration
• Immigrants make up large part of the
industrial work force
• By the late 1800s, immigrant origins changed
from northwestern Europe to southeastern
Europe
• Changed urban America and led to
development of ethnic enclaves and tenement
housing
Nativism
• Belief that immigrants posed a threat to
native-born Americans and their way of life
• Americans with ancestors from northern
Europe looked down on new immigrants from
southeastern Europe
Ellis Island
• Processing center for European immigrants
entering the U.S. on the east coast
• Immigrants were inspected and granted or
denied access to the U.S.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Banned Chinese immigrants from entering the
U.S.
• Americans did not want Chinese laborers
taking their jobs because they would accept
lower wages
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
• Labor union for skilled workers
• Formed by Samuel Gompers
• Did not allow unskilled workers, women and
African Americans
1894 Pullman Strike
• Workers at Pullman Sleeping Car company
strike because Pullman lowers their wages but
refuses to lower their rent
• Strike turns violent and federal troops were
called in
• Example of industrial unrest
Progressive Era
• Time period in which reformers made efforts
to change or improve the U.S. after the
growth and expansion of the era of railroads
and big business
Muckraker
• Journalist who writes about corruption or
problems in business or government
• Brought about changes in business or
government during the Progressive Era
• Examples: Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair
Ida Tarbell
• Wrote “The History of the Standard Oil
Company”
• Exposed corruption by Rockefeller in the
creation of his trust and control over oil
industry
• Her writing encouraged laws against trusts
and monopolies
Upton Sinclair
• Wrote The Jungle
• Exposed disgusting conditions in the
meatpacking industry
• His writings led to government oversight of
food and drug industries and laws like Meat
Inspection Act
Jane Addams
• Founder of the Hull House
• Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago
• Settlement houses helped immigrants adjust
to life in America and sought to improve living
conditions for the poor in cities
Jim Crow
• Laws enacted in the South to segregate black
and white people in public and private
facilities
Plessy v. Ferguson
• Supreme court case in 1896 that said
segregated public facilities was legal
• This case established the “separate but equal”
doctrine that upheld segregation in the South
NAACP
• An organization founded in 1909 to promote
full racial equality
• Stands for National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
Political Progressive Reforms
• Made the U.S. more democratic
• Initiative: law is written and voted on by the
people
• Recall: the people remove a public official
from office by a vote
• Referendum: people vote on a law proposed
by lawmakers
17th amendment
• Creates the direct election of senators by the
people, instead of the House of
Representatives electing them
• Makes representation more democratic
Conservation Movement
• Preserved some wilderness areas and planned
development of others for the common good
• Theodore Roosevelt set aside millions of acres
for national parks and forests
• This was an attempt to correct the misuse of
natural resources during expansion and
industrialization
Thomas Edison
• His inventions led to new industries and
increased productivity
• Light bulb – changed American way of life and
increased productivity in industry
• Kinetoscope – led to film industry
• Phonograph – led to development of radio
and music industries
Unit 7 Vocab
Spanish American War
• War between US and Spain over Cuban
freedom and explosion on the USS Maine
• Causes: US interest in Cuba, yellow journalism,
USS Maine
• Outcomes: Spain freed Cuba and US gets
Guam, Puerto Rico and the Phillipines
War in the Philippines
• Spanish American War begins in the
Philippines, a Spanish colony
• Filipino rebels support the US because they
want freedom from Spain but US wants to
colonize them
• Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of Filipino rebels
• This led to Philippine-American War
American Expansionism
• At the turn of the 20th century, America’s
relationship with the world changes as the US
becomes an imperial power
• After the Spanish American War, the US gains
Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
• Roosevelt Corollary and Panama Canal are
also examples of US expansion
U.S. Involvement in Latin America
• At the turn of the 20th century, the U.S.
emerges as an imperial power and exerts
influence over other countries, especially in
Latin America
• Examples: Platt Amendment in Cuba, Panama
Canal, and Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt Corollary
• President Roosevelt builds on the Monroe
Doctrine and warns that the U.S. will use force
to protect our interests in Latin America
• This was used to prevent European powers
from interfering in Latin America so that the
U.S. could be the dominant power in the
western hemisphere
Panama Canal
• Canal built through Panama in Central
America to make an easier route between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
• U.S. supports Panama’s rebellion against
Columbia to get them to sign a treaty with the
U.S. to build the canal
Militarism
• The policy of building up armed forces in
aggressive preparedness for war and/or to use
as a tool of diplomacy
• European countries’ militarism increased
tensions and led to World War I
Alliance System
• Prior to World War I, countries divided
themselves into two groups: The Triple
Entente or Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia
and later the U.S.) and the Triple Alliance or
Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary
and Italy)
• This meant everyone would get pulled into the
war if conflict started
Imperialism
• Control over a weaker nation by a stronger
nation
• This would lead to war because the imperial
powers were competing with each other for
the most control and power
Nationalism
• A devotion to the interest and culture of one’s
nation
• One of the causes of World War I because
feelings of superiority and nationalist
movements cause conflict
U.S. Neutrality to Engagement
• Initially, the U.S. refused to take part in a war
between other nations; this policy is called
neutrality
• The U.S. policy towards World War I changed
to engagement (getting involved) mostly
because of Germany’s policy of unrestricted
submarine warfare
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• German policy of sinking any British or Allied
ship, even if the ship held civilian passengers
• The sinking of the Lusitania, which held
American citizens, was one of the reasons the
U.S. changes its’ policy from neutrality to
engagement
Zimmerman Note
• A message from Germany to Mexico
proposing an alliance and promised to return
land Mexico lost to the U.S.
• One of the reasons the U.S. .changes its’ policy
from neutrality to engagement in World War I
Great Migration
• Large scale migration of hundreds of
thousands of African-Americans from the
South to the North during World War I
• They wanted to escape Jim Crow laws of the
South and there were job opportunities in the
North because of the war effort
Espionage Act
• Made it illegal to speak out against the war
effort or the government
• Targeted socialists like Eugene Debs
• Eugene Debs, a socialist and union leader, was
arrested for speaking out against the draft and
the war
Fourteen Points
• Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace after
World War I was over
• Except for the League of Nations, most of his
points were not included in the Treaty of
Versailles
League of Nations
• An association of nations created in 1920 to
promote international peace and cooperation
• Part of Wilson’s 14 Points and included in the
Treaty of Versailles
• Many Americans did not like this – they
wanted to remain isolated.
Treaty of Versailles
• Peace treaty at the end of World War I that
created new nations and borders and
punished Germany
• Flawed because it humiliated Germany,
excluded Russia and ignored colonized people.
This would ultimately lead to World War II.
Unit 8 Vocabulary
Prohibition
• 18th amendment makes alcohol illegal
• This led to speakeasies (illegal saloons) and
bootlegging (smuggling alcohol)
• Also increased organized crime and shaped
culture of 1920s
Woman Suffrage
• 19th amendment gave women the right to
vote in 1920
• Women working during World War I
contributed to the push to give women the
right to vote
Red Scare
• Fear of communism and socialism during the
1920s
• Americans were suspicious of immigrants,
communists and anarchists, especially after
the communist revolution in Russia
• Led to restrictions on immigration like the
Emergency Quota Act
Henry Ford
• Makes the automobile affordable by mass
producing the Model-T on an assembly line
Radio
• Radios became more affordable during the
1920s and most Americans owned one.
• People listened to the radio for performances,
sports, news, and speeches
Movies
• The film industry revolutionized American
entertainment
• Movies became one of the most popular
forms of entertainment in the 1920s and
movie stars fascinated Americans
• In the 1920s, “talkies” or movies with sound
were introduced
Jazz
• Popular form of music during the 1920s
• Began in New Orleans in the early 20th
century, but became most popular during the
1920s
• Uniquely American, jazz is a mixture of African
drumbeats, traditional spirituals, blues,
European instruments and ragtime
Louis Armstrong
• Jazz musician and trumpet player
• Revolutionized jazz by bringing personal
expression to his music
Harlem Renaissance
• Literary and artistic movement in the 1920s
celebrating African American culture
• Centered in the Harlem community in New
York City
Langston Hughes
• Harlem Renaissance poet
• He wrote about the everyday lives of working
people and African Americans during the time
period
Irving Berlin
• American songwriter during the 1920s
• Wrote “God Bless America”
• Part of Tin Pan Alley – district in New York City
known for song writers, composers and music
publishers
Great Depression
• Period lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the
U.S. economy was in severe decline and
millions of Americans were unemployed
• Causes: Overproduction, Underconsumption,
Stock market speculation, and Dust Bowl
Underconsumption
• Americans were not buying as much as the
economy began to slow down by the late
1920s
• This contributed to the declining economy and
business failures because industries continued
to produce as much as before despite the
decline in consumerism
Overproduction
• Industries were making more than people
were buying
• This surplus in products contributed to the
declining American economy that led to the
Great Depression
Stock Market Speculation
• During the 1920s, people bought stocks and
bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while
ignoring the risks
• As a result, the high price of stocks during this
time period did not reflect value
• Eventually led to Stock Market Crash of 1929
Stock Market Crash of 1929
• Black Tuesday – October 1929
• Due to stock market speculation and buying
on margin (buying stocks on credit) the value
of stocks dropped drastically
• This led to economic crisis – even Americans
who did not invest panicked, banks and
businesses failed as well
Dust Bowl
• The region, including Texas, Oklahoma,
Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico that was
made worthless for farming by drought and
dust storms during the 1930s
• Causes: Over farming on the Great Plains,
Drought, Windstorms
• Effect: Farm families were forced to leave and
many moved further west
Hoovervilles
• Shantytowns that developed during the Great
Depression because of widespread
unemployment. People lost their homes and
had no where else to go
• They were called Hoovervilles because
Americans blamed Hoover for not providing
direct aid to help them
Widespread Unemployment
• By 1933, 25% of the workforce was
unemployed and millions more could only find
part-time work.
• There were over 2 million homeless
Americans migrating around the U.S.
• Men often left home to look for work, and
families without shelter were often forced to
live in places like Hoovervilles
New Deal
• President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to
address the problems of the Great Depression
• Focused on relief for the needy, economic
recovery and financial reform
Eleanor Roosevelt
• President Roosevelt’s wife
• She helped convince FDR to provide help to
those in need, supported civil rights and
encouraged FDR to appoint women to federal
government positions
Neutrality Act
• Law passed by Congress to keep the U.S. out
of future wars and to challenge FDR’s
attempts to reach out to the world
• This law was passed because Americans
wanted to maintain a policy of isolationism
TVA
• Tennessee Valley Authority
• Works program that was a part of the New
Deal
• Provided jobs and brought electricity to rural
areas by building dams (effort to control the
environment)
Wagner Act
• Contributes to the rise of industrial unionism
by protecting workers’ right to join unions
• Also prohibited unfair labor practices and
included laws to improve working conditions
Social Security Act
• Passed as a part of the Second New Deal to
provide additional aid to those in need
• Provided old-age insurance, unemployment
and aid to families with children and the
disabled
Huey Long
• Politician from Louisiana who challenged FDR
• He proposed a social program called “Share
Our Wealth” and argued that the New Deal
wasn’t doing enough to help the Americans
who needed it most
“Court packing” Bill
• FDR proposed adding 6 new justices to the
Supreme Court because the conservative
Supreme Court frequently overturned his New
Deal legislation
• Many people felt he was trying to have too
much power and violating separation of
powers
Unit 9 Vocabulary
Isolationism
• The belief that a nation should stand alone
and not get involved in the affairs and conflict
of other nations
• Many Americans wanted this to be U.S.
foreign policy – they did not want to get
involved in World War II
Lend-Lease Act
• Law that allowed the U.S. to send war supplies
to the Allies
• Isolationists did not like this
• Roosevelt said helping the Allies was defense
for the U.S. and democracy
Totalitarianism
• Total control of a government belongs in the
hands of one or a few people
• Government is supreme and people have few
rights
• Examples: Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in
Italy, and Hirohito in Japan (Axis Powers)
Pearl Harbor
• Japanese aircraft bomb the U.S. Naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941
• This pulls the U.S. into World War II – the U.S.
declares war on Japan
Internment
• Confinement of Japanese Americans (and
some German and Italian Americans) into
camps during World War II
• Prejudice and fear after Pearl Harbor made
Americans worry they would work as spies or
hurt the war effort
Battle of Midway
• Naval battle between the U.S. and Japan in
the Pacific
• The U.S. destroys the Japanese fleet and wins
• This victory is the turning point in the war in
the Pacific in favor of the U.S.
D-Day
• Allied invasion of France to end German
occupation
• Allies win, push the Germans out of France,
which puts the Allies closer to victory in
Europe
Fall of Berlin
• The Soviet army occupies and captures Berlin
in April 1945
• Hitler commits suicide and Germany
surrenders
• The Allies win the war in Europe
Manhattan Project
• Research project to develop the atomic bomb
in the U.S.
• Los Alamos is the place where the atomic
bomb was first successfully tested
• The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in August of 1945, ending the
war with Japan
Rationing
• Restricting the amount of food and other
goods people could buy during wartime to
make sure there were enough supplies for the
military.
Women in War Industries
• During World War II, women met the need for
workers in war industries to fill the void left by
drafted men
• So many women working would lead to social
changes, including more women wanting to
remain in the workforce instead of at home.
War-time conversion
• In order to meet the demands of fighting a
war on two fronts, the U.S. converted many
industries to war industries
• For example, car manufacturers switched to
producing tanks, planes and military vehicles
A. Philip Randolph
• The man who organized a march of AfricanAmericans to Washington DC in protest of
discrimination in war industries.
• As a result, President Roosevelt issued an
order demanding equal hiring practices.
World War II Alliances
• alliance: nations join together to further their
common interests
• Aggression by the Axis Powers was one of the
causes of World War II
• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
• Allied Powers: Great Britain, Soviet Union,
United States
Pacific Theater
• Location of the war between the U.S. and
Japan during World War II
• Major battles on this front: Battle of Midway,
Iwo Jima, Okinawa
• War ends here when U.S. drops atomic bomb
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
European Theater
• Location of the war between the Allies and
Hitler
• Major Battles on this front: D-Day, Battle of
the Bulge
• War ends here when Soviets capture Berlin
and Germany surrenders
Unit 10 Vocabulary
Cold War
• Competition and conflict that developed
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after
World War II
• Domestic Impact: Fear of communism, rise of
Joseph McCarthy, Anti-War Movement
• International Impact: Korean War, Cuban
Missile Crisis, Vietnam War
Marshall Plan
• The U.S. provided economic aid to European
countries to help them rebuild after World
War II
Truman Doctrine
• U.S. will provide economic and military aid to
countries threatened by communism
• Examples: Greece and Turkey
Containment Policy
• Stopping the spread of communism to other
countries
• As a result, U.S. tries to stop communist
revolution in China and gets involved in
Korean War
Communism in China
• U.S. gives support to the Nationalists to fight
communism in China
• 1949 Mao Zedong leads communist takeover,
people support him because of corruption in
Nationalist government
Korean War
• After WWII, Korea was divided and Soviets
backed North Korea and U.S. backed South
Korea.
• North Korea crosses 38th parallel and invades
South Korea. UN forces push them back to
38th parallel.
• Impact: war is stalemate, but increased fear of
communist gains in U.S.
Space Race
• Space race began when Soviets launched
Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite, in
1957
• Many Americans panicked, but President
Eisenhower remained publicly calm
• NASA was created
• USSR and U.S. compete in “New Frontier”
(space); Soviets put first man in space; U.S.
puts first man on the moon.
Joseph McCarthy
• A senator who made the claim that
Communists were taking over the
government.
• These unsupported attacks on suspected
Communists became known as McCarthyism.
Cuban Revolution
• A revolution led by Fidel Castro overthrows
the government on Cuba
• Castro sets up a communist government in
Cuba with the help of the Soviet Union
Bay of Pigs
• An invasion of Cuba authorized by president
Kennedy to overthrow Fidel Castro
• The invasion force was made up of Cuban
exiles and was defeated by Castro
• Embarrassing for the U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• A confrontation between the U.S. and the
Soviet Union over the building of Soviet
missile launchers in Cuba.
• The U.S. Navy blockaded Cuba
• Eventually the Soviet Union agreed to remove
the missiles, and President Kennedy agreed
not to invade.
Vietnam War
• U.S. enters the war to push a communist
group supported by North Vietnam, called the
Vietcong, out of South Vietnam
• U.S. troops fought in Vietnam from 1965 to
1975
• The war became very controversial and
divided public opinion
Tet Offensive
• Vietcong attack on cities in South Vietnam
• The U.S. eventually stop the attack, and the
Vietcong are not successful
• However, parts of the attack were televised
and showed that the war would not be easily
won
• This turned many Americans against the war
in Vietnam
Anti-War Movement
• The growing opposition to the war began with
young people on college campuses and was
led by groups like the SDS
• New Left: growing liberal youth movement
that wanted to change American society
(Hippies)
• They opposed the war because they were
morally opposed to the war and because they
thought the U.S. shouldn’t be there
Kent State Shootings
• National Guard called in to disperse anti-war
protest at Kent State University
• Troops fire into crowd of students, killing four
students
• This event increases support for the anti-war
movement and the New Left
Unit 11 Vocabulary
Civil Rights Movement
• efforts made by African Americans and
their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to
eliminate segregation and gain equal rights in
the United States
Integration of the Military
• President Truman issued an executive order in
1948 to integrate the armed forces and end
discrimination in the government
• represented the beginnings of a federal
commitment to dealing with racial issues.
Jackie Robinson
• In 1947, joins the Brooklyn Dodgers, making
first integrated team in MLB
• 1st African American in the Hall of Fame
Brown v. Board of Education
• Ends segregation in schools
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
• Many states ignore it and resist integration,
takes awhile before federal government
enforces it
Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• Written by MLK
• Written in response to critics of the Civil
Rights Movement
• Explains why they must fight segregation
“I Have a Dream” Speech
• Given by MLK at Lincoln monument in
Washington, D.C.
• Drew attention to Civil Rights movement and
the Civil Rights Act.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Law that bans discrimination in public places
(no segregation)
• Kennedy’s assassination helps get this passed;
Johnson convinces Congress to honor his work
in civil rights
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Forbids practices that prevented black people
from voting like poll taxes and literacy tests
• Freedom Summer and Selma march helped
get this passed
• The number of black voters in the South
tripled
Turmoil of 1968
• MLK’s assassination led to violence and anger
around the nation
• Robert Kennedy’s assassination hurt the
Democratic Party, Nixon won election
• Both assassination and anti-war protests led
to violence at the Democratic National
Convention between protestors and police
SNCC
• Civil rights activist group made up mostly of
students
• Start with peaceful protests like sit-ins and
freedom rides, but became more
confrontational and radical over time
SCLC
• Civil rights activist group led by Martin Luther
King, Jr.
• Made up of pastors and civil rights leaders
• Non-violent protests and marches
Warren Court
• The Supreme Court during the period when
Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its
activism in the areas of civil rights and free
speech
• Ex: Brown v. Board
• Banned prayer in public schools, and limited
censorship in books and films
Great Society
• President Lyndon B. Johnson’s program to
reduce poverty and racial injustice and to
promote a better quality of life in the United
States
• Part of a “war on poverty”
• Ex: Medicare Act; Higher Ed. Act; Civil Rights
Act, Voting Rights Act, Clean Air Amendment,
Truth in Packaging Act
NOW
• National Organization for Women
• An organization founded in 1966 to pursue
feminist goals, such as better childcare
facilities, improved educational opportunities,
and an end to job discrimination
Cesar Chavez
• Worked with Delores Huerta to establish the
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
(UFWOC)
• United California fruit and vegetable farm
workers, mostly made up of MexicanAmericans
• Used non-violent protests to gain better
wages and benefits
Rachel Carson
• Wrote Silent Spring (1962) which exposed a
“hidden danger”, the effects of pecides on the
environment
• Led to the Water Quality Act of 1965 which
required states to clean up rivers
• Early part of the environmental movement
Conservative Movement
• The “New Right”; a late 20th century alliance of
conservative special interest groups concerned with
cultural, social, and moral issues
• Goals:
– Shrink the size of the federal government and reduce
spending
– Promote family values and patriotic ideals
– Stimulate business by reducing government regulations
and lowering taxes
– Strengthen the national defense
Unit 12 Vocab
Baby Boom
• After World War II, the birthrate soared. “Baby
boomers” became the largest generation in
U.S. History.
• Also, contributed to growth of suburban
lifestyle
• Most Americans worked in cities, but new
highways and affordability of cars led to
growth of suburbs.
Levittowns
– Mass produced houses in assembly-line fashion
– Makes suburban houses affordable
– Became prime example of 1950s suburban
lifestyle and conformity
Impact of technology on Modern
America
• In the 1950s, air conditioning use expanded
significantly and was a part of the new
suburban lifestyle. This allowed for growth of
southern cities like Atlanta, Houston, and
Miami.
• “electromechanical” personal computers were
improved throughout the 1960s, before the personal
computers appeared in the 1970s.
Kennedy – Nixon Debates
• Televised debates between candidates John F.
Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960.
• Kennedy won the debate and the election
because he looked better on camera and was
more charismatic
Nixon’s Opening of China
• Nixon reversed U.S. policy of not recognizing
the Chinese communist government by
visiting China in 1971
• Significance: Opened up diplomatic and
economic relations with the Chinese and was
a huge success with the American public
Watergate Scandal
• Nixon and his administration tried to cover up
their involvement in the burglary of the
Democratic National Headquarters
• Effects of Watergate: American public and
media developed a general distrust of public
officials that still exists today
Gerald Ford
• Pardoned Nixon
• American’s distrust government
• Economy was bad (recession)
Camp David Accords
• Carter arranged a peace agreement between
Israel and Egypt
• Significance: Israel and Egypt were long-time
enemies and Carter managed to get Israel to
sign its’ first peace agreement with an Arab
nation
Iranian Hostage Crisis
• Revolutionaries seize U.S. embassy and took
52 Americans hostage because Carter allowed
the Iranian Shah to come to the U.S. They
refused to release hostages while Carter was
president.
• Significance: Demonstrated the limits America
faced in the 1970s and Americans also realized
the limits on their resources
Reaganomics
• Conservative economic policy
• Based on budget cuts, tax cuts and increased
defense spending
• “trickle down” economics
Iran Contra Scandal
• 1983 pro-Iranian terrorist groups took
Americans hostage in Lebanon
• Reagan said U.S. allies should not sell weapons
to Iran
• But, in 1986 Reagan approved selling weapons
to Iran for the release of 7 American hostages
• Reagan’s staff used profits from those sales to
send weapons to Contras in Nicaragua
Fall of the Soviet Union
• Gorbachev initiates reform to make the Soviet
Union more democratic and had better
relations with the U.S.
• In 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet
Union dissolved.
NAFTA
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• legislation brought Mexico into the free-trade
zone that already existed between the U.S.
and Canada
• Supporters: will strengthen all 3 economies
and create more American jobs
• Opponents: would transfer American jobs to
Mexico
Clinton’s Impeachment
• impeached for perjury and obstruction of
justice
• Tried to cover up improper relationship with
White House intern
• He was acquitted in the Senate trial. He
remained in office and apologized for his
actions.
2000 Election
• Al Gore (Democrat) v. George W. Bush
(Republican)
• came down to who won Florida
• Gore won the popular vote, but Bush won
Florida in a recount by 500
• Gore requested manual recounts, and Bush
sued to stop them. Supreme Court sided with
Bush.
Terrorist Attacks on 9/11
• Terrorists (al-Qaeda) attack the World Trade
Center and Pentagon killing many Americans
• Bush responds by declaring war on terror,
forming Department of Homeland Security,
increasing aviation security and pushing for
anti-terrorism bill (Patriot Act)
War in Afghanistan
• coalition of forces led by U.S. bombed
Afghanistan because they were harboring
Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda.
• broke up the al-Qaeda network, and bin Laden
was killed in 2011
War in Iraq
• Bush feared that Saddam Hussein would
supply terrorists with WMD (weapons of Mass
Destruction)
• Hussein refused to cooperate with
inspections, and U.S and British forces invaded
Iraq in 2003.
• No WMD were found, but Saddam Hussein
was defeated, went into hiding, and tried for
crimes against humanity.