Transcript Graduation Exam

Graduation Exam
Practice Questions
What was the name of the
revolt held against the Catholic
Church that began in 1517, and
who was the leader?
Protestant Reformation;
Martin Luther
How did the Crusades
change Europe?
Growth of commerce;
Population growth and the rise
of nations;
The emergence of the
Renaissance spirit
What impact did the
Columbian Exchange have
on the Europeans?
Major shifts in power occurred as nations
competed for the opportunities presented
by overseas colonization. Merchants and
monarchs saw a chance to increase their
wealth and influence. Ordinary people
saw a chance to live in a new world, free
of the hierarchy that bound them both
economically and socially.
List the positive and
negative effects of the
Columbian Exchange.

Positive
Europeans being
introduced to new
plants and animals
and Western
Hemisphere items also
becoming evident in
the Eastern
Hemisphere.

Negative
The overseas
exploration
actually inflaming
national rivalries.
List the causes and effects
of European Exploration.
European exploration was caused
by a desire for the resources of the
New World and recognition of
greatness in Europe. The greatest
effects were contact with new
civilizations, resource exploitation,
and the exchange of goods, people,
and ideas.
Where was the first English
colony established?
Jamestown
How was the House of
Burgesses in Jamestown
significant to the formation
of the United States?
The House of Burgesses
served as the first
representative body
in colonial America.
What was the purpose of
the Magna Carta?
The Magna Carta was designed
by English nobles as a limit on
the power of the king. The
“Great Charter” stated that
everyone, including the king,
was subject to the law.
Who were the adversaries of
the French and Indian War?
The French and Native
Americans
vs.
The British and the Colonists
What was the major
outcome of the French and
Indian War?
The Treaty of Paris (1763)
stated the British could
claim Canada and virtually
all of North America east of
the Mississippi River.
Why did many colonists
protest the Stamp Act?
The Stamp Act affected any
colonists who used paper in their
daily lives. It also symbolized
English attempts at taxing
American colonists without
providing them with representation
in Parliament.
How did the Boston Tea
Party affect the colonists?
The Boston Tea Party resulted in
Parliament passing the Intolerable
Acts, which shut down the Boston
Harbor, forced them to house
British troops, and imposed
martial law on Boston.
Why did the Boston Tea
Party occur?
The American colonists, led by
Samuel Adams, violently
protested duties on tea and the
British customs agents
enforcing the tax.
Name the oldest city in
the United states.
St. Augustine, Florida
The Revolutionary War
began with which battle?
Battle of Lexington
Where did the first major
battle in the War for
American Independence
take place?
Bunker Hill in Boston, MA
Which of Montesquieu’s idea
from his The Spirit of Laws
(1748) found its way into the
United States Constitution?
Montesquieu believed that the best
way to limit the power of the
government was through a system
of checks and balances.
Describe the actions of the
First and Second Continental
Congress.
The First Continental Congress drew
up a declaration of “American rights”
and called for a boycott on British
goods. The Second Continental
Congress wrote and approved the
Declaration of Independence.
What advice did President
Washington give in his farewell
address concerning the
forming of political parties?
He urged the United States
not to form political parties
as they would only cause
faction among the people.
What authority did the ruling
in the Marbury v. Madison case
give the Supreme Court?
Judicial Review
What can the Legislative
Branch do if the Supreme
Court makes a legal
interpretation that Congress
does not agree with?
In this case, Congress can
call for a Constitutional
amendment on the subject.
Who wrote Common Sense and
what effect did it have on the
colonies?
Thomas Paine
It convinced many Americans to
support independence as a way
to create a better society
Who wrote the Declaration
of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
How did the Federalists win
the ratification of the
Constitution?
They used their experience
and powers of persuasion to
win support for the
document they had drafted.
The United States has a
federalist government. What
makes the government
“federalist”?
The government is “federal” because it
exists as a compact from the states –
they surrender individual sovereignty in
return for a central authority while
retaining some local authority.
Name the three branches of the
government and the
responsibility of each branch.
Executive- to carry out (execute) the
laws
Legislative- makes the laws
Judicial- interpret (reviews) the laws
List the weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation.








Congress could not enact and collect taxes.
Congress could not regulate interstate or
foreign trade.
Each state had only one vote in Congress,
regardless of population.
9 out of 13 needed to agree to pass any law.
Articles could be amended only if all states
approved.
There was no executive branch to enforce
laws of Congress.
There was no national court system to settle
legal disputes.
There were 13 separate states that lacked
national unity.
Learn the Preamble to the
Constitution.
We the people of the United states, in order to
form a more perfect Union, establish justice,
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to
ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United states
of America.
What are the first ten amendments
of the constitution called?
Bill of Rights
What was the main purpose of
the elastic clause in the
Constitution of the United
States?
It gives Congress the power to do what
is “necessary and proper” to carry out
powers such as “to lay and collect
taxes,” to “borrow money,” to “regulate
commerce,” and “to coin money”.
Which rights do the first
ten amendments give?

Personal Rights
1st- Religious and Political Freedoms
2nd- Right to Bear Arms
3rd- Quartering Troops
4th- Search and Seizure
5th- Rights of Accused Persons
6th- Right to a Speedy, Public Trial
7th- Trial By Jury in Civil Cases
8th- Limits of fines and punishments
9th- Rights of People
10th- Powers of States and People
What issue was the center of
political differences of Thomas
Jefferson and Alexander
Hamilton?
Constitutionality of having a
National bank
Which battle did Paul
Revere warn the colonists to
prepare for?
Battle of Concord
Who lead the Continental
Army during the
Revolutionary War?
George Washington
During the Revolutionary War,
Samuel Adams organized a
resistance movement to the
British military force in Boston.
What was the organization
called?
Sons of Liberty
What was the main purpose
of Black Code Laws?
They were discriminatory
laws that severely restricted
the lives of African Americans
What was the purpose of
the Land Ordinance of
1785?
The Land Ordinance of 1785
hoped to organize the land
west of the Appalachians by
dividing the land into
townships.
List the provisions of the
Treaty of Paris (1783).


Confirmed the independence
of the United States
Set the boundaries of the new
nation
What purchase did the United
States make in 1803 that
nearly doubled the size of the
United States?
Louisiana Purchase
What explorers were sent to
explore the land purchased
in the Louisiana Purchase?
Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark
(Lewis and Clark)
List the provisions of the
Missouri Compromise.





Maine was admitted as a free state
Missouri was admitted as a slave state
Dividing line was set 36° 30’ north
latitude
South of the line, slavery was legal
North of the line—except in Missouri—
slavery was banned
Why was Monroe Doctrine
issued?
It was issued by the United
States to oppose any
European interference in the
affairs of the Western
Hemisphere
What president was more
associated with the spoils
system, Nullification Crisis,
growth of democracy, and the
Indian Removal Act?
Andrew Jackson
During its war with France,
Britain would capture sailors
from the United States and
force them to serve in the
British Navy. What was the
name of the war in which this
action led to?
War of 1812
What hardship did the natives
face as a result of the Indian
Removal Act (1830)?
The natives were forced east of
the Mississippi River into the
West
Where did the gold rush of
the 1840s take place?
Sutter’s Mill, California
Who was Sojourner Truth?
Truth began her life as a
slave and ended it as one of
America's best-known antislavery activists
The Seneca Falls Convention
was called to further what
cause?
Woman’s suffrage
Who was the abolitionist that
published the Liberator
causing Georgia to offer a
$5,000.00 reward for his
arrest?
William Lloyd Garrison
Who was the conductor of
the Underground Railroad?
Harriet Tubman
What agricultural invention
expanded the economy of the
south in the first half of the
nineteenth century and who
made the invention?
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney
Why did President Lincoln tell
Harriet Beecher Stowe, “so
you’re the little woman who
started the big war”?
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote
the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
which inflamed northern ideas
about southern slavery.
List the provisions of the
Compromise of 1850.





California admitted as a free state
Utah and New Mexico territories decide
about slavery
Texas-Mexico boundary dispute resolved,
and Texas paid $10 million by federal
government
The trading of enslaved persons is
banned—but slavery is not–in the District
of Columbia
Stricter fugitive slave law
What was the Supreme Court
ruling in the Dred Scott v.
Sanford case?
Dred Scott lacked any legal standing to sue in
federal court because he was not, and never
could be a citizen due to his race; also, being
in free territory did not make a slave state;
permitted and extended slavery
In 1859, the abolitionist John
Brown unsuccessfully
attempted to lead a slave revolt
at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. What
effect did John Brown’s action
have on the nation?
North praised Brown as a martyr; in the
South, mobs assaulted whites who were
suspected of holding antislavery views
Why were Northerners upset
Kansas was made into a
slave state?
Northerners feared
corruption in the voting on
the new state constitution.
What were Jim Crow laws?
Laws enacted by southern state
and local governments to
separate white and black
people in public and private
facilities .
The Civil War began with
an attack on what fort?
Fort Sumter
Why did southern states
secede from the Union once
President Lincoln became
President of the United
States in 1860?
They were convinced that they had
lost their political voice in the
national government, and feared
Lincoln would endanger slavery
Which battle was a turning
point in the Civil War?
Battle of Gettysburg
When I surrendered at
Appomattox Court House in
1865, the Confederacy was
considered defeated. Who
am I?
Robert E. Lee
Why did President Lincoln
have to suspend the writ of
habeas corpus?
Lincoln issued a proclamation
unprecedented in American history. He
suspended the writ of liberty first in
Maryland, and then everywhere in the
United States. The suspension applied
to Confederate spies or to those who
aided the rebel cause, interfered with
military enlistments, resisted the draft,
or were "guilty of any disloyal practice."
In 1862, Winston County,
Alabama, issued a
proclamation that angered
the people of Alabama, what
was the proclamation?
Winston County “seceded” from
Alabama and declared itself
separate from the Confederacy
Explain the difference
between a scalawag and a
carpetbagger.
Scalawag- a white Southerner working for
or supporting the federal government
during Reconstruction.
Carpetbagger- a Northerner who went to
the South after the Civil War for political or
financial advantage.
What put an end to
Reconstruction?
Reconstruction ended with the
“Compromise of 1877” in which
Rutherford Hayes was given
the presidency in exchange for
an end to military rule in the
South.
What was the purpose of
the Freedmen’ s Bureau?
To provide for the needs of former slaves
so that eventually they could become
independent and self-sufficient; to gain
black political support for the Republican
party.
How did the court case
Plessy v. Ferguson affect
minorities at the turn of the
century?
It established the doctrine of “separate
but equal,” which allowed states to
maintain segregated facilities for blacks
and whites so long as they provided
equal service.
What was the main reason
for building railroad lines in
sparsely populated parts of
Alabama?
Railroads would provide easy
access to natural resources,
including coal seams and
timber.
Name the African American
that helped farmers in the
South while directing the
agricultural program at
Tuskegee.
Booker T. Washington
What contribution did
William C. Gorgas make to
the building of the Panama
Canal?
He helped to find a vaccine
(cure) for yellow fever.
Who wrote the novel The
Jungle and what industry
did it expose?
Upton Sinclair
Meat packing industry
Which amendment put an
end to prohibition?
Eighteenth (18th) Amendment
Why were unions and strikes
used during the Industrial
Revolution?
Unions and strikes were used to
improve the working conditions
of laborers and to gain fair
wages.
Describe a utopian community.
An experimental community
designed to be a perfect
society, in which its members
could live together in harmony.
What part did Horace Mann
play in developing an
education system?
Mann was a leader in the public school
movement; became the first secretary of the
Massachusetts Board of Education; in his 11
years of service, he doubled the money that
the state spent on schools, instituted
curriculum reforms and established teachertraining programs.
Name the four factors that
led to the beginning of
World War I
M.A.I.N.

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism
What position did the United
States take at the beginning of
World War I?
Neutrality
What actions caused the
United States to become
involved in World War I?
Zimmerman note.
Sinking of four unnamed American
merchant ships with a loss of 36 lives.
The Russians overthrew their czarist regime
and replaced it with a representative
Government.
In which War was the
following weapons used:
poison gas, submarine, and
tank?
World War I
Define a monopoly.
Complete control over an
industry, achieved by buying
up or driving out of business
all competitors.
Which political party was
formed in the 1890s to
promote the goals of
electoral reform, expanded
money, supply, and
regulation of big business?
Populist Party
How did President Wilson
view the League of Nations?
President Wilson wanted
the United states to join the
League of Nations.
What was the “Red Hysteria”
referred to in the Sacco and
Vanzetti trial?
“Red Hysteria” referred to the
popularity of Communism and the
fear of many Americans that
Communism would take over the
Country.
What were the provisions of
the Treaty of Versailles that
settled WWI?
It established 9 new nations and shifted
the boundaries of other nations. It
carved four areas out of the Ottoman
Empire, and gave them to France and
Great Britain as mandates. The treaty
demilitarized Germany, and also
required Germany to return Alsace
Lorraine to France and to pay
reparations to the Allies.
What was Roosevelt’s
weekly radio broadcast
called?
Fireside Chats
Define “Rough Riders”.
"The Rough Riders" was the name
bestowed by the American press on
the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry
Regiment during the Spanish
American War.
Who were Muckrakers?
The term Muckrakers applied to
American journalists, novelists, and
critics who in the first decade of the
20th century attempted to expose
the abuses of business and the
corruption in politics.
Who was W.C. Handy?
American composer,
cornetist, and bandleader
who helped to promote the
kind of music known as
Blues.
Discuss the Open Door
Policy.
The Open Door Policy was a proposal that
called for the establishment of equal
trading rights to all nations in all parts of
China and for recognition of Chinese
territorial integrity (meaning that the
country should not be carved up). The
impact of such a policy would be to put all
of the imperial nations on an equal
footing and minimize the power of those
nations with existing spheres of influence.
What was “Black Tuesday”?
The largest crash in stock
market history occurred on
Tuesday October 29, 1929.
What was the purpose of
creating the Alphabet
Agencies?
Many new organizations were
established by Roosevelt to create jobs
for the unemployed in the United States
and provide relief during the Depression.
State the purpose of each of the
following: CCC, SSA, FDIC, TVA, and
the WPA.
CCC- Employed young men (and a few women) in (CCC) reforestation,
road construction and flood control projects
SSA- Established unemployment compensation and old-age and
survivor's insurance paid for by a joint tax on employers and employees
FDIC- Government-sponsored insurance program guaranteeing the
security of deposits in member banks
TVA- Created independent public corporations to construct dams and
power projects and to (TVA) Develop the economy of a nine-state area
in the Tennessee River Valley
WPA- put the unemployed back to work in jobs which would serve the
public good and conserve the skills and the self-esteem of workers
throughout the U.S. (Americans building roads, airports, parks, writing
and conducting plays, writing books, conducting musical concerts, etc.)
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic murder of 11
million Jews and other
people by the Nazis before
and during World War II
What position did the United
states take at the beginning
of World War II?
Neutrality
What event triggered
World War II?
After several years of
militaristic expansion,
Hitler’s German Armies
invaded Poland in 1939.
What caused the United
States to enter World War
II?
Bombing at Pearl Harbor
What caused the Japanese
to surrender during World
War II?
Atomic bombings at
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
August 1945.