Transcript Civil_War_Events and Battles

Advantages and Disadvantages
North/Union
•Larger population
•More factories
•More Railroads
•Navy
__________________
•Had to conquer south
South/Confederacy
•Smaller Population
•Fewer Factories
•Fewer Railroads
__________________
•Excellent Generals
(Lee, Jackson)
•Outdoor traditionexperience with guns
•Defensive War
Strategies
North/Union
•Capture Richmond
(confed. capital)
•Anaconda Plan- strangle
the south
•Gain control of
Mississippi River
•Naval blockade
•Utilize superior numbers
& resources but this took
time
South/Confederacy
•Capture Washington DC,
invade the North
•Demoralize the Union
•Help from 3.5 million
slaves
•Cotton diplomacy- help
from England & France
The first engagement of
the Civil War took place at
Fort Sumter on April 12
and 13, 1861. After 34
hours of fighting, the Union
surrendered the fort to the
Confederates. From 1863
to 1865, the Confederates
at Fort Sumter withstood a
22 month siege by Union
forces. During this time,
most of the fort was
reduced to brick rubble.
Fort Sumter- April 1861
• First Battle, Confederates taking federal forts, mints, arsenals.
• Strategic location- harbor of Charleston, SC
• Union Major Robert Anderson running out of supplies, asked for
more.
• Lincoln’s Dilemma: let it fall and look weak or lose other states
(only deep S. had seceded)
• Resupply but without armies or arms
• Confederates attacked, Anderson surrendered
• Results: 0 dead, AK, NC, TN & VA. secede.
• DE, KY, MD, MO loyal to Union, also W. VA.
Fort Sumter
Charleston Harbor,
South Carolina
Union Commander
: Major Anderson
Confederate Commander:
General Beauregard
April 12-14, 1861
Casualties:None
Winner:Confederate
Significance:
•First battle of Civil War.
•Raised false hopes for a
quick war.
•Lincoln then asked for
100,000 volunteers.
•General Beauregard was a
student of Major Anderson
while at Westpoint...weird!!
Homefront
• Women replaced male
factory workers (100,000
jobs in arsenals,
factories, sewing rooms)
• Mary Boykin Chestnutdiary of a southern
woman: frustrated with
failures of southern
leaders, watched “with
horror and amazement
(as) the only world we
cared for, (was) literally
kicked to pieces” (Boyer,
378)
Mary Boykin Chestnut
Source:
http://s3.amazonaws.com/findagrave/photos/2002/167/8574_
1024321157.jpg
Weapons of Mass Destruction
• "People who are anxious
to bring on war don't
know what they are
bargaining for; they don't
see all the horrors that
must accompany such an
event.“
– Thomas J. Jackson
Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that
were difficult to load and could be fired at an
accurate range of only about 100 yards, only three
times in one minute. Rifled muskets were much
more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500
yards.
Destruction from Artillery
• In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for
better accuracy and more power.
• Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for
almost 2000 yards; that is over one mile!.
• Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and
could be lobbed 500 yards.
Opposition to the War
• North/Union
• South/Confederacy
• Copperheads- northerners • Opposed the draftwho sympathized with
Confederacy passed 1st
the South
conscription act in US
• Lincoln suspended
history
habeas corpus- jailed
• Poor ended up fighting
them without trials for
more- plantation
the duration of the war
owners bought their
• Draft Riots, e.g. in NY
way out of service
after Emancipation• Argued for state’s
wanted to fight for the
rights
Union, not for slaves.
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
• This was a movement to help escaped slaves make
their way from the slave-owning southern states up
through the northern states, and eventually into
Canada.
• This was accomplished by secretly transporting
slaves from one safe house to another, steadily
moving north until freedom was secured.
MAP OF THE UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD
AREAS COVERED
• The Underground Railroad
stretched from Kentucky and
Virginia across Ohio &
Indiana.
• In the Northerly direction, it
stretched from Maryland,
across Pennsylvania & into
New York & through New
England
• The Underground Railroad
helped over ~ 100,000 slaves
escape.
Safe-House
How quilts used on the Underground
Railroad?
•Many quilts had stitches that were used as maps. Maps for
the road heading North, Maps of the Plantation.
•They included the manner of how to act and what to wear
on the escape route North
•Quilts also included well wishes, and a way to ward off
evil spirits for their journey North
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES & SAFEHOUSES
• Harriet Tubman
• James Fairfield—pretended to be
a slave trader.
• Thomas Garrett-A Quaker
business man who helped over
2700 slaves.
• William Still-former slave who
purchase his own freedom & then
became an abolitionists
• Frederick Douglass-African
American abolitionist
• John Parker-Son of a white
businessman and a slave; helped
over 400 slaves.
•
•
•
•
The Henry Quinby farm
David H. Richardson’s farm
The Warrant farm in Brighton
The old Frederick Douglass home
near Highland Park
• A cluster of houses where
numerous Quakers lived. That is
now the area where the war
Memorial building is.
• Harvey Humphrey estate.
• *All these stations are located in
Rochester.
Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia
First Battle of Bull Run July 1861
Public demand pushed General-in-Chief Winfield Scott to advance on the
South before adequately training Union troops. Scott ordered General Irvin
McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas Junction,
Virginia. McDowell attacked on July 21, and was initially successful, but the
introduction of Confederate reinforcements resulted in a Southern victory and
a chaotic retreat toward Washington by federal troops.
First Bull Run
Manassas, Virginia
Union Commander: General Irwin McDowell
Confederate Commander: General Joe
Johnston July 21, 1861
Casualties: Union-2,446, Confederate-1,600
Winner: Confederate
Stonewall Jackson
Significance:
•First large battle of the war.
•Confederates routed an unprepared Union
force.
•Casualties shocked the North and South.
•They now believed the war would not be
quick nor easy.
•During this battle, General Thomas J.
Jackson earned the name, “Stonewall” by
inspiring his troops to stand firm under the
Union attack.
Shiloh was a decisive and bloody battl. The South
needed a win to make up defeats in Kentucky and
Tennessee. It also needed to stop the Union’s attack
down the Mississippi Valley. Memphis and Vicksburg
were now vulnerable, and after Corinth there was now
doubt that those cities would be the next targets.
Johnston and Beauregard made a surprise attack while
the Union rested. Grant and his men lost their overconfidence after this near defeat. They now knew that
this war was going to be, in the words of a Union
Soldier, "A very bloody affair."
The Confederacy caught General Grant by surprise and almost
destroyed his army the first day. On the second day Grant was
reinforced and forced the Confederates back to Corinth.
Shiloh, Tennessee
Union Commander:
General Ulysses Grant
Confederate:
General Albert Sydney Johnston
April 6-7, 1862
Casualties:
Union-13,047
Confederate-10,694
Winner: Union
Significance:
•This ended the Southern hope of
ever regaining Tennessee.
•The first battle with truly large
casualties. The casualties were
higher than any America had ever
seen.
•Grant temporarily lost his position in
command.
•This greatly slowed the Union
advance down the Mississippi valley
To the right is a
monument
where he fell.
General Albert Sydney Johnston was considered the
finest general in either army before the war began.
He bled to death on the first day of Shiloh from a
wound to the leg while leading a charge through an
orchard.
Antietam: Sharpsburg, Maryland
The single
bloodiest day
of the Civil War
Lee invaded Maryland hoping the state would
help the South. Instead, Lee was pinned down
at Antietam creek by George McClellan after his
plans were discovered wrapped around some
cigars.
2nd Bullrun
Antietam Creek
Sharpsburg, Maryland
Union Commander: General George
McClellan
Confederate Commander:General
Robert E. Lee
September 17, 1862
Casualties: Union-12,410
Confederate-13,724
Winner: Union…barely!
Significance:
•One of only 2 major battles fought in
the North.
•The bloodiest day of the war.
•The Union forced Lee back to the
South.
•This victory was what Lincoln needed
to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Soldiers’ Experiences
• Enthusiasm to enlist, boredom set in during
training (baseball invented during rest time)
• Shortages: food, uniforms (Union-blue,
Confederacy- Gray), shoes
• Illnesses (influenza, typhoid, pneumonia) &
lack of sanitary medical treatment &
anesthesia (pain-killers)- many died from
infected wounds (including Stonewall
Jackson)
• As war continued became “a rich man’s war
and a poor man’s fight,” desertion common
General Joseph Hooker took control of the Union
Army after General Burnside made his blunder at
Fredericksburg. One part of his army crossed the
Rappahannock south of Fredericksburg, the other
crossed the river 12 miles to the north at
Chancellorsville. Hooker successfully outflanked
Lee. Or so he thought….
At 6 PM on May 2nd, Jackson launched his attack on
the unsuspecting Union flank. Meanwhile Jackson
himself was wounded by his own men. He died a few
days later. Hooker ordered his forces to attack from
the south and they were successful in driving back the
rebels. This force was ordered to advance and attack
Lee's main body from the rear. Unfortunately, the
inactivity of Hookers forces in front of Lee allowed
him to turn his army to the rear. The Union forces
were forced back across the Rappahannock. Once
again Lees superior generalship and Union
incompetence had bested a Union forces twice his
size.
Joseph
Hooker
Lee
Chancellorsville, Virginia
Union Commander: General Joseph
Hooker
Confederate Commander: Robert E. Lee
May 1-4, 1863
Casualties: Union-17,278 Confederates12,821
Winner: Confederacy
Significance:
•Hooker was out maneuvered by
Lee and Stonewall Jackson.
•Considered the greatest
Confederate victory of the war.
•Stonewall Jackson was
accidently shot by his own troops.
He died a week later.
At the time of the Civil War, the Mississippi River
was the single most important economic feature of
the continent. Confederate forces closed the river,
which hurt the northern economy.
Grant realized that Vicksburg could not be taken by
storm and decided to lay siege to the city. Slowly his
army established a line of trenches and dirt forts
around Vicksburg and cut it off from supply and
communications with the outside world.
Starting in May Union forces constructed
thirteen trenches aimed at different points
along the Confederate defense. In June they
dug up to the Confederate line, tunneled
underneath, and blew up the tunnels filled
with black powder to destroy the rebel
trenches. The rebels were out of food, out
of ammunition and they were clearly
losing. They surrendered on July 4th.
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Union Commander: General
Ulysses Grant
Confederate: General Joseph
E. Johnston
May 19- July 4 1863
Casualties:
Union Casualties: 10,142
Confederate Casualties: 9,091
Winner: Union
Significance:
•Grant was bogged down for 3
months
•It was the most important victory in
the west.
•Vicksburg was the key to the
Mississippi.
•The Confederacy was split in two
by the mighty river.
-
Little Roundtop
Robert E. Lee
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Union Commander :
General George Meade
Confederate Commander:
Robert E. Lee
July 1-3, 1863
Casualties: Union-23,049
Confederate-28,063
Winner: Union
After success at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee
invades the north again. After trying to break the union
lines for 2 days, Lee tries a frontal assault on entrenched
union forces. This was known as Pickett’s charge. This
attempt failed miserably. Lee ultimately retreats to Virginia.
Significance:
•The turning point of the war.
•This would be the last chance for the
South to win the war and threaten the
North.
Joshua Chamberlain.
Former teacher turned
hero at Gettysburg.
Colonel Chamberlain and the 20th
Maine held the extreme left flank
of the Union line against a fierce
rebel attack, and the surrender of
Lee's Army of Northern Virginia
at Appomattox, when Grant chose
Chamberlain to receive the formal
surrender of weapons and colors
Summer 1864 Campaign
• Lincoln promoted Grant to chief general b/c able
to use N. soldiers/supplies
• War of attrition: Grant’s plan to march on
Richmond, until S. out of men/supplies/will
• Pushed into Wilderness (Chancellorsville) losing
men, pushed on
• May 10-19 Spotsylvania Court House, VA losing
men, kept on
• Mid-June Petersburg VA. RR center, called off
assault, siege to Petersburg
• Results: 60,000 Union casualties, but strategy
succeeding because the Union had more men
Sherman’s March to Sea
• Union general William Tecumseh Sherman
• Sherman commander of Ten army, campaign to
destroy S. RR/industries
• 100,000 troops toward Atlanta, outmaneuvered
Johnston, defeated Hood
• Atlanta fell September 2, 1864, Sherman burned it
• Result: Confed. Lost last RR link across
Appalachian Mts.
• President Lincoln (in danger of not getting
nomination) re-elected over McClellan
• Renewed hope that conflict would soon end
Sherman’s March to Sea
• Sherman towards Savannah, took supplies,
destroyed things for Confederates
• Uprooted crops, burned farmhouses, slaughtered
livestock, tore up RR
• Strategy of total war against troops and economic
resources,
• “must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the
hard hand of war…”
• Result: effective but left deep/bitter scars across
the South
• Reached Savannah in 12/1864, resupplied by
Union navy (Xmas gift to AL)
Atlanta, Georgia (Sherman’s march to the sea)
Union Commander: General William Sherman
Confederate Commander: General John Hood
July 20-September 2, 1864
Casualties: Union-31,623
Confederate-35,044
Winner: Union
Significance:
The siege of Atlanta by General Sherman ended
with the burning of the city by Union troops.
After burning the city, Sherman began his
famous march to the sea, during which his
troops looted and plundered their way across
Georgia, destroying nearly everything in their
path.
On April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrendered his
army of Northern Virginia in a little village called
Appomattox Courthouse. Lee surrendered
formally to Ulysses S. Grant. The papers of
formal surrender were signed in the home of
Wilmer Mclean, whose first house was damaged
during the first battle of the Civil War.
April 1865- Appomattox
• Conciliatory tone (quotations, p. 395)
• Lee rode off, Union troops celebrating, Grant
silenced them:
• “the war is over, the rebels are our countrymen
again.”
• Lee to his men, did all I could, you did duty, leave
the rest to God, return home
• April 26, 1865 General Joseph Johnston
surrendered to Sherman under similar terms at
Durham Station, NC
Lee surrendered to Grant in this home.