Transcript Reconstruction Powerpoint

Restoring Relations with the Confederate
States after the Civil War
Key Questions
1. How do we
bring the South
back into the
Union?
2. How do we
rebuild the
South after its
destruction
during the war?
4. What branch
of government
should control
the process of
Reconstruction?
3. How do we
integrate and
protect newlyemancipated
black freedmen?
President Lincoln’s Plan
 10% Plan
*
*
*
December 1863
Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in
the South.
Pardon to all but the highest ranking
military and civilian Confederate
officers.
When 10% of the voting population had
taken an oath of loyalty and established
a state government, it would be
recognized.
MODERATE PLAN TO QUICKLY
RESTORE THE SOUTH TO THE UNION
Union General Sherman
Issues Field Order No. 15
40 Acres and a Mule
January 1865
• 400,000 acres of confiscated
land along the coast of South
Carolina, Georgia and Florida
was to be divided into 40-acre
parcels for freed slave families
and other blacks then living in
the area. In addition, they
would receive surplus mules.
• Freedmen hoped to become
landowners.
Freedmen’s Bureau Established
March 1865
Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and
Abandoned Lands to
provide assistance to
emancipated slaves
It is organized to
help ex-slaves with
food, medical care,
resettlement, and
education
President Lincoln Assassinated
April 1865
Five days after General
Robert E. Lee surrendered
to General Ulysses S. Grant
Vice President Andrew
Johnson assumes the
Presidency and follows
Lincoln’s plans for
Reconstruction
President Andrew Johnson
 Democrat and AntiSecessionist
 Anti-Aristocrat
 White Supremacist
 Agreed with Lincoln
that states had never
legally left the Union
Damn the negroes! I am
fighting these traitorous
aristocrats, their masters!
th
13
Amendment
Abolishes Slavery in the United States
 Ratified in December 1865
 Neither slavery nor
involuntary servitude, except
as punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have
been duly convicted, shall
exist within the United States
or any place subject to their
jurisdiction
 Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by
appropriate legislation
The South lost their
“property” and wealth
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
 Offered pardon upon simple oath to all Southerners
except Confederate civil and military leaders, and wealthy
planters (they would need to directly request one from
Johnson)
 New state constitutions must accept 13th Amendment
prohibiting slavery, and renounce secession
 Revoked Sherman’s Field Order No. 15
1. Disenfranchised Confederate leaders
EFFECTS?
2. Pardoned planter aristocrats resumed control of
Southern state governments
3. Outraged Republicans: planter elite
were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
 But then…Johnson granted 13,500
special pardons for Confederate
leaders
 Former Confederates capture control
of state governments and pass….
BLACK CODES:
Restricted rights of freedmen
 Revival of southern defiance!
 Had the Civil War been fought
for nothing???
Black Codes
 Purpose:
*
*
Restricts the rights of
freedmen
Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated
 Forced many blacks to
become sharecroppers
Freedmen are all but
slaves again
*
Congress Breaks with the President
Republicans want the South Punished
 Congress will not admit newly
pardoned Southern Congressmen
 February, 1866  Johnson
vetoes the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill
 March, 1866  Johnson vetoes
the 1866 Civil Rights Act: To
counteract Black Codes, Blacks
have rights and privileges of full
citizenship
 Congress passes both bills over
Johnson’s vetoes!!
Freedmen’s Bureau
Many former northern abolitionists risked
their lives to help southern freedmen
 Called “carpetbaggers”
by white southern
Democrats.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through
Southern Eyes
“Plenty to
eat and
nothing to
do”.
RESPONSE?
Race Riots in Memphis
and New Orleans
• Southern Whites attack
blacks and white
Republicans
Ku Klux Klan
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
Founded December 1866
A Window of Opportunity
Opens for Freedmen….
Republicans win a 3-1 majority in both houses of
Congress and gained control of Reconstruction
Radical Plan for Readmission
 Southern states need new constitutions
 Must allow blacks to vote, and must ratify the
13th and 14th Amendments
The 14th Amendment
*
Provides blacks with citizenship and guarantees
that federal and state laws should be applied
equally to black and white citizens
 Southern states would be punished for denying
the right to vote to black citizens!
 All states, except Tennessee, refuse to ratify
the Amendment
Ridicule of both Freedmen Voting and
Disenfranchised Confederates
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Military Reconstruction Act
*
Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states
that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment
Divide the 10
“unreconstructed
states” into 5
military districts
*
Military enrolls
eligible black
voters
*
Meanwhile….
Johnson replaces generals in the field who were
sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
 Command of the Army Act
*
The President must issue all
Reconstruction orders through
the commander of the military
 Tenure of Office Act
*
The President could not remove
any officials without the Senate’s
consent
 Designed to protect “radical”
Secretary of War Stanton
Edwin Stanton
President Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson removed Secretary Stanton in
February, 1868, hoping to replace him
 The House of Representatives impeached him on
February 24, by a vote of 126-47, before even
writing up the charges!
The Senate Trial
 11 week trial
 Johnson is acquitted
by one vote, but
presidency is
essentially over
Sharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Furnishing Merchant
 Loan tools and seed
up to 60% interest
to tenant farmer to
plant spring crop.
 Farmer also secures
food, clothing, and
other necessities on
credit from
merchant until the
harvest.
 Merchant holds
“lien” {mortgage} on
part of tenant’s
future crops as
repayment of debt.
Tenant Farmer
 Plants crop,
harvests in
autumn.
 Turns over up to ½
of crop to land
owner as payment
of rent.
 Tenant gives
remainder of crop
to merchant in
payment of debt.
Landowner
 Rents land to tenant
in exchange for ¼
to ½ of tenant
farmer’s future
crop.
The Black Vote
With the Union army to protect them, and the
Freedmen’s Bureau to help them, blacks came forward
and voted in great numbers
State
White Citizens
Freedmen
SC
291,000
411,000
MS
353,000
436,000
LA
357,000
350,000
GA
591,000
465,000
AL
596,000
437,000
VA
719,000
533,000
NC
631,000
331,000
Reconstructed Governments:
•
Black legislators: South Carolina is the only State with a black majority
• Carpetbaggers: Northerners eager to help or further their own fortunes
• Scalawags: Pro-Union southern whites
Protected by federal troops
Black Senate & House Delegates
Two blacks elected to the U.S. Senate, 20 to the
House, and many more to state legislatures
The 1868 Republican Ticket
Grant wins by 300,000 votes—with 700,000 blacks voting!
15th Amendment
Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of race
 Ratified in 1870.
 The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any state on account of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude.
 The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
 Women’s rights groups were furious that
they were not granted the vote!
Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights
 Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 [also
known as the KKK Act] are passed to give
the federal government power to punish
violators of civil rights laws.

KKK members are
prosecuted, and
numbers begin to
decline
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
 Guarantees equal rights to blacks using
public facilities
 Prohibited discrimination in jury
selection.
Shortcoming  lacked a
strong enforcement
mechanism.
Southern Whites Regain
Control of State Governments
Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial
Republican state government with an all-white Democratic
Government in 1868
Georgia, North Carolina and Virginia follow in 1870

Freedmen’s Bureau is abolished in 1872
Southern states added grandfather clauses to their
state Constitutions to counter the 15th Amendment.
Typical clauses state that the right to vote extends
only to citizens or their descendants who had the
right to vote prior to 1866 or 1867
Propaganda Campaign
A propaganda campaign is initiated
portraying blacks as incompetent
The Ignorant Vote
Colored Rule in the South?
Literacy Tests, Poll Taxes, and Violence are used to
deter black voting
Southern Whites Make More Gains
Arkansas and Alabama
replace bi-racial Republican
state governments with allwhite Democratic
Governments in 1874
Democrats gain control over
the House of Representatives
and the Senate
Mississippi has an all-white
Democratic Government in
1875
Northern Support Wanes
 Support of “Useless” S.
Grant declines due to
corruption
 Panic of 1873 sets off a 6year depression
 Concern over westward
expansion and Indian wars
 Supreme Court overturns the
Enforcement Act of 1870
Legal Discrimination or “Jim
Crow” laws
1876 President Rutherford B. Hayes
Calms Southern Opposition
President Hayes withdraws
federal troops from the South
that had been protecting black
Civil Rights
Remaining carpetbag
governments collapse
RECONSTRUCTION IS
OVER
1883—Civil Rights Act of 1875 Ruled unconstitutional
1896—Plessy v. Ferguson rules separate is legal if equal
1901—The last black leaves Congress
No New Civil Rights Act was
Attempted for 90 Years
Brown v. Board of Education